Rebecca Nurse: Fact Vs. Fiction :: essays research papers

In his article, Why I Wrote The Crucible, Arthur Miller speaks of the 1950s which nobody seems to remember clearly- a condemnation of fearful insanity and unrest. Anyone could be accused. Showing excessive opposition ensured prosecution. Most shrunk back from disputing the McCarthy hearings for fear of their safety. Now, this period of panic is viewed as absurd. As Miller describes Hitler as being almost comical to his generation, the modern generation sees the capital of Oregon witch trials as foolish scuffles between ignorant plenty. The actual events were much different as perceived. Just as a feud with a neighbor seems trivial to those not involved but of intense frustration to the embroiled , the trials were not happy-go-lucky and insignificant. The trials were more about personal issues between rivals than witchcraft itself- the witchcraft was a weapon for capital of Oregonites to obtain revenge on their enemies. A tool Miller uses to manoeuvre the reader this emotion is R ebecca Nurse, seventy-year-old grandmother, wife, and respected member of Salem society. Miller modifies her character in his play. Some facts remain true in the play, others are altered, and some keep been neglected altogether. What did he change, and what did he regret to? Why did Miller take such liberties with Rebeccas character in his play?Rebecca Nurse and her husband, Francis, were both well-respected people in the town of Salem Miller describes. They owned about three hundred acres, and after a land dispute with the Putnams, they broke away from Salem and founded Topsfield. Miller mentions that the founding of Topsfield upset the old Salemites. This is true - aberration was resented in Puritan society. The essence of Puritanism is in the intensity of the Puritans commitment to a morality, a stratum of worship, and a civil society strictly conforming to Gods commandments . Certain Puritans were save despite their sins, while the remainder of society led lives strictly foll owing the saved clergys interpretations of Gods will. Salems minister, Mr. Samuel Parris, was Gods man, as unfit for this title as he may have been. want Proctor, Rebecca and her husband no longer hungered for religion when Parris became their minister. Their disgust for Mr. Parris cut down on their church appearances. In a judgmental, religious town as Salem was, even an unpleasant minister was no excuse to avoid church. A few Salemites resented the Nurses for their rise in social status as their lands stretched through town.

Sophocles :: essays research papers

Sophocles was born in Colonus, near Athens, c.497 B.C. Sophocles father was a wealthy armorer named Sophillus. When he reached maturity he was already established as a great tragic playwright, and the citizens of Athens loved him. He was nicknamed Attic-bee by the Athenians because he could take vestal erotic love from words. Sophocles was born in Colonus, near Athens, c. 497 B.C. Sophocles father was a wealthy armorer named Sophillus. Sophocles had a good childhood. Sophocles, at age sixteen, led a boys chorus for the achievement celebration over defeat of the Persians at Salamis. When he was twenty-eight, he beat Aeschylus in a dramatic contest. Already Sophocles was showing true talent in play writing. At this time he also wrote poetry, none of which has been recovered. As a young man Sophocles was popular, handsome, a good athlete, and a great writer. When he reached adulthood he was already established as a great tragic playwright, and the citizens of Athens loved him. He w as nicknamed Attic-bee by the Athenians because he could take pure honey from words. Sophocles had many friends, one of which was the historian Herodotus. This friendship may be a reason that we know so much about Sophocles. After a long and prosperous c beer, he died of old age in Athens at the age of ninety. Sophocles wrote 123 plays, and won 24 dramatic victories for Athens. Of his 123 plays, only seven are preserved in entirety. However, there still remains a large portion of his satyr Ichbeutae that remains intact. His seven plays are Ajax, Antigone, Electra, Trachiniae, Philoctetes, Oedipus at Colonus, and Oedipus Rex. Sophocles went through trinity artistic periods. The first, his earliest years, were influenced greatly by Aeschylus. Ajax was produced in this period. The second was in a "harsh, contrived" style. Antigone was produced during this period. He produced all his other plays in his mature years, or his third period.

ben franklin Essay -- essays research papers

Ben FranklinBen Franklin became famous for being a scientist, an inventor, a statesman, a picture machine, a philosopher, and a librarian. Today, we honor Ben Franklin as hotshot of the men who founded America and as ane of Americas greatest citizens.Benjamin Franklin was born in Boston on January 17, 1706. He was the tenth son of soap maker, Josiah Franklin. though Ben only had one year of schooling he was educated and loved to read and write. He worked as an apprentice to his brother, James, who was a printer, when he was fifteen days old. At the age of seventeen, Ben ran away and started a new life in Philadelphia as a result of arguments with James. Franklin found work as an apprentice printer and did so well the provincial governor of Pennsylvania promised to set him up a business if he traveled to England to buy supplies. The governor never followed up on his promise and Benjamin was forced to spend several months in England doing print work. On returning home, he opened up his experience printing business. Around this period of time, in 1728, Ben fathered a child, William, of whom the mother is not known. Two years later he married his childhood sweetheart, Deborah Read. Not only did the Franklins own a print shop, they also opened a store selling almost everything and a bookstore.Ben Franklin had many accomplishments and was very successful in life. His newspaper, The Pennsylvania Gazette, was one of the most successful papers in the colonies. He first published Poor Richards...

Managing Organizational Change Essay -- Business Management

In this dynamic business environment, change is inevitable. Changes can be planned, or unintentional depending on the effort forces behind. The major forces for change can be derived from the nature of the workforce, technology, economic shocks, competition, social trends, and world politics (Robbins & Judge, 2011). In this post the author will explain the Kotters cardinal step approaches to managing organizational change and discuss how his company handles the planned changes in term of organization reconstruction. When changes are inevitable, the leaders usually design near adequate steps to make the change go smooth, effective and permanently. Kurt Lewin argued that successful change in organizations should follow three steps unfreezing the status quo, movement to a desired end state, and refreezing the new change to make it permanent (Robbins & Judge, 2011, cited in Lewin, 1951). John Kotter further expanded the Lewins model to include an eight-step plan for implementing chan ge. The eight stages are 1) establishing a sense of urgency 2) creating a guiding coalition 3) developing a vision and strategy 4) communicating the change vision 5) empowering broad-based implement 6) generating short-term wins 7) consolidating gains and producing more change and 8) institutionalizing new approaches in the culture (Kotter, 1996). Kotter asserted that many changes failed because some steps were ignored, such as missing the creation of a sense of urgency, vision, or coalition. Using Kotter approaches, lets analyze a recent change happened in Science Application International Corporation (SAIC), the company the author is working for. SAIC provides scientific, engineering, systems integration and technical services and solutions pr... ...ld improve the change process. The author believes that if the SAIC reconstruction is implemented successfully, the company will be more productive, efficient, restless and competitive. Works CitedHavenstein, W. (July 22, 2010). Me mo From the CEO Organizational Changes.Havenstein, W. (October 11, 2010). Message from the CEO. SAIC internal email.Kotter, J. P. (1996). Transforming organizations. Executive Excellence, 13(9), 1. Kotter, J. P. (2007). Leading change Why transformational efforts fail? Harvard Business Review, 85, 96-103. Lewin, K. (1951). Field Theory in affectionate Science. New York Harper & Row.Robbins, S. P., & Judge, T. A. (2011). Organizational Behavior (14 ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ Pearson.Schuler, R. S. (1980). Definition and conceptualzation of stress in organizations. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 189.

The Medias Degradation of Women Essay -- Media Exploitation of Women

Women have been fighting for the right to be equal members of party for centuries. In the past women were treated as second class citizens and didnt have the same rights as men did. Women later lead a movement to swop these ways. Although some drastic changes did come about from these movements, equality wasnt fully attained. In this day and age, equality between men and women hush up hasnt been achieved and the media is to condemn for that. For decades, the media has dominated societys views and perspectives of others. Due to recent media, it has been difficult to regulate how women are being influenced and treated by other people in society. The media influences society tremendously and subconsciously steers the way we treat and think of others. Advertisements, television shows, movies, the internet, magazines and other forms of the media have all targeted women in a very erroneous manner. Women are still being highly misrepresented and misunderstood through m edia all over the world. Increasingly, real women are being under represented, misrepresented, sexualized, discriminated, stereotyped and in many cases ferocity and abuse against women has also been glamorized.Although we feel that weve come a long way, women still arent being treated as equal members of society. Going back to the 1950s, women were judge to be stay at denture mothers and housewives. This was also the era of the happy homemaker. For young mothers in the 1950s, domesticity was idealized in the media, and women were encouraged to stay at home if the family could afford it. Women who chose to work when they didnt need the paycheck were often considered selfish, putting themselves before the needs of their family (Daniels 2002)... ...resentation. DVD. Dallas, TX Assemble. Retrieved May 5, 2014(http//film.missrepresentation.org/)Research Article)Silverstein, Brett. 1996. The Role of the Mass Media in Promoting a minute Standard of Bodily Attractiveness for Women. S ex Roles519-520. Retrieved May 6, 2014(http//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00287452page-1) (Research Article) Stankiewicz, Julie. 2008. Women as sex objects and victims in print advertisements. Sex Roles579-589. Retrieved May 5, 2014(http//www.skidmore.edu/classics/courses/2011spring/gw101/Women%20As%20Sex%20Objects%20and%20Victims%20in%20Print%20Advertisements.pdf) (Research Article) Wood, Julia. 1994. Gendered Media The act upon of Media on Views of Gender. Gendered Lives Communication, Gender, and Culture231-244. Retrieved May 6, 2014(http//www.udel.edu/comm245/readings/GenderedMedia.pdf)

The Medias Degradation of Women Essay -- Media Exploitation of Women

Women have been fighting for the right to be equal members of society for centuries. In the past women were treated as second kind citizens and didnt have the same rights as men did. Women later lead a movement to change these ways. Although some drastic changes did come about from these movements, comparison wasnt fully attained. In this day and age, equality between men and women still hasnt been achieved and the media is to blame for that. For decades, the media has dominated societys views and perspectives of others. Due to youthful media, it has been difficult to regulate how women are being influenced and treated by other people in society. The media influences society tremendously and subconsciously steers the way we treat and consider of others. Advertisements, television shows, movies, the internet, magazines and other forms of the media have all targeted women in a very erroneous manner. Women are still being highly misrepresented and misunderstood by dint of media all over the world. Increasingly, real women are being under represented, misrepresented, sexualized, discriminated, stereotyped and in many cases violence and abuse against women has to a fault been glamorized.Although we feel that weve come a long way, women still arent being treated as equal members of society. Going back to the 1950s, women were expected to be stay at home mothers and housewives. This was also the era of the happy homemaker. For young mothers in the 1950s, domesticity was idealized in the media, and women were encouraged to stay at home if the family could afford it. Women who chose to work when they didnt need the paycheck were oft considered selfish, putting themselves before the needs of their family (Daniels 2002)... ...resentation. DVD. Dallas, TX Assemble. Retrieved whitethorn 5, 2014(http//film.missrepresentation.org/)Research Article)Silverstein, Brett. 1996. The Role of the Mass Media in Promoting a Thin Standard of Bodily Attractiven ess for Women. Sex Roles519-520. Retrieved May 6, 2014(http//link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00287452page-1) (Research Article) Stankiewicz, Julie. 2008. Women as sex objects and victims in print advertisements. Sex Roles579-589. Retrieved May 5, 2014(http//www.skidmore.edu/classics/courses/2011spring/gw101/Women%20As%20Sex%20Objects%20and%20Victims%20in%20Print%20Advertisements.pdf) (Research Article) Wood, Julia. 1994. Gendered Media The Influence of Media on Views of Gender. Gendered Lives Communication, Gender, and Culture231-244. Retrieved May 6, 2014(http//www.udel.edu/comm245/readings/GenderedMedia.pdf)

Multimedia & Education Essay

With a vast array of educational sources available online or by using engineering science which is regard with mul agedia system, it is only inevitable that a great deal of teaching will be used this way. Advantages may include improved efficiency, interested learning and a sense of enjoyment for younger learners. Traditional classroom base teaching will take to work together with the advances of computer based learning to assemble and expand the learners knowledge. Bibliography www. computerweekly. com www. mit. com www. nhs. com www. bbc. co. uk.As technology has evolved rapidly in and around our environment, public services atomic number 18 now steadily introducing multimedia and other forms of computer based applications. The Territorial Army (TA) and the National Health Service (NHS) are two that have evolved dramatically within the last ten years in sexual intercourse to technology. The TA has several high-tech intelligence and weaponry applications and the NHS has such vital modern equipment all implementing some form of multimedia. With this it should only make sense that multimedia be included in another very important sector, command.Within the last five years multimedia and education have bonded well to arrive at some very informative information. This has become readily available for children as young as two up to bounteouss participating in education via adult learning schemes. The most significant and straightforward way to view these types of information is from the World Wide Web (WWW). The similarity between primary and university study is that they need to be online indefinitely. Although they need internet access it must not be a limited package.The connection they apply must be quick and potent otherwise users will establish a lackadaisical attitude towards the idea. Inside the last twelve months there has been a surge in primary and subsidiary schools in particular enquiring about wireless connections. Many schools are looking at this form of connection due to its low cost and flexibility. Laptops can be transferred from one classroom to another, rather than having a fixed station. An example of multimedia used within education is a project aimed towards disaffected children to encourage them fanny into learning.Interactive mathematics, composing digital music and building virtual 3D art exhibitions are some of the applications which are used and created. The main idea fag end the project is to establish a stable bond between pupil and teacher with the use of I. T. Other outcomes which are hopefully achieved is the better retention of the technology they are using (both pupil and teacher). If the time for this technology is used wisely and productively with the school environment it could play and integral part in the pupils advances tin education, however if the pupil is not receptive to new forms of teaching then the answer must lie elsewhere.Ian Peacock chairman of Hackney Councils Education Committ ee said We need to ensure that the childrens use of computers in the classroom provides some of the buzz they get from playing media-intensive games in their leisure time. (ComputerWeekly, 2001). As education and multimedia within the ages of two to sixteen is of great importance, the education of the older age group should also be considered vital for those voluntary to expand their skills and acquire the relevant knowledge. This next form of learning via means of multimedia shows how far the technology has developed to cater for this age group.MIT Open Courseware is designed to ?Provide free, searchable, access to MITs course materials for educators, students, and self-learners around the world. ?Extend the reach and impact of MIT OCW and the open courseware concept. There is a wide variety of courses to opt for, from history to nuclear engineering. The site is aimed at self-learners who can log on anywhere in the world and start accessing information on their chosen subject. L ecture notes and assignments are all included just as if they were studying in University.This form of studying is very familiar at present with more than 2000 courses available on the internet reported by 1996. That number has grown progressively and there are courses available today to suit the majority of users whatever their subject. These online courses prove to be significant to those who maybe cannot afford fees towards university or who reside to far from any teaching institute. We live in a very rural area. Access to flavour educational materials is a 225-mile drive to the nearest library of any significance. (Self Learner MIT, 2005).

Conformity Essay

This change is in response to real (involving the physical presence of others) or imagined (involving the pressure of well-disposed norms / expectations) throng pressure. residency can likewise be simply defined as yielding to group pressures (Crutchfield, 1955). Group pressure may take incompatible forms, for example bullying, persuasion, teasing, disapproval etc. Conformity is also known as mass influence (or group pressure).The term conformity is often used to indicate an agreement to the majority position, brought about either by a desire to fit in or be liked (normative) or because of a desire to be classify (informational), or simply to conform to a social role (identification).There have been many experiments in psychology investigating conformity and group pressure.Jenness (1932) was the frontmost psychologist to make conformity. His experiment was an ambiguous situation involving a glass bottle filled with beans. He asked participants individually to estimate how ma ny beans the bottle contained. Jenness then frame up the group in a room with the bottle, and asked them to provide a group estimate through discussion.Participants were then asked to estimate the number on their own once more to find whether their initial estimates had altered based on the influence of the majority. Jenness then interviewed the participants individually again, and asked if they would like to change their original estimates, or stay with the groups estimate. Almost all changed their individual guesses to be closer to the group estimate.However, perhaps the most famous conformity experiment was by Solomon Asch (1951) and his line judgment experiment.Types of kindly ConformityMan (1969) states that the essence of conformity is yielding to group pressure. He identified three types of conformity Normative, informational and ingratiational.Kelman (1958) distinguished in the midst of three different types of conformity Compliance, Internalization and identification. No rmative ConformityInformational ConformityYielding to group pressure because a someone wants to fit in with the group. E.g. Asch Line Study. Conforming because the person is shake up of being rejected by the group. This type of conformity ordinarily involves compliance where a person publicly accepts the views of a group but privately rejects them.This unremarkably occurs when a person lacks knowledge and looks to the group for guidance. Or when a person is in an ambiguous (i.e. unclear) situation and socially compares their behavior with the group. E.g. Sherif Study. This type of conformity usually involves internalization where a person accepts the views of the groups and adopts them as an individual.ComplianceInternalizationPublicly changing behavior to fit in with the group while privately disagreeing. In other words, conform to the majority (publicly), in spite of not really agreeing with them (privately). This is seen in Aschs line experiment.Publicly changing behavior to fit in with the group and also agreeing with them privately. This is seen in Sherifs autokinetic experiment.Ingratiational ConformityIdentificationWhere a person conforms to impress or gain favor/acceptance from other people. It is similar to normative influence but is cause by the need for social rewards rather than the threat of rejection, i.e., group pressure does not enter the decision to conform.Conforming to the expectations of a social role.Similar to compliance, in that location does not have to be a change in private opinion. A good example is Zimbardos Prison Study.Sherif (1935) Autokinetic Effect Experiment charge Sherif (1935) conducted an experiment with the aim of demonstrating that people conform to group norms when they are put in an ambiguous (i.e. unclear) situation. Method Sherif used a lab experiment to study conformity. He used the autokinetic effect this is where a small spot of light (projected onto a screen) in a dark room will appear to move, even off though it is still (i.e. it is a visual illusion).It was discovered that when participants were individually tried and true their estimates on how far the light moved varied considerably (e.g. from 20cm to 80cm). The participants were then tested in groups of three. Sherif manipulated the composition of the group by putting together two people whose estimate of the light purport when alone was very similar, and one person whose estimate was very different. Each person in the group had to say aloud how far they thought the light had moved.Results Sherif found that over numerous estimates (trials) of the movement of light, the group converged to a common estimate. As the figure below manifests the person whose estimate of movement was greatly different to the other two in the group conformed to the view of the other two.Sherif said that this showed that people would always tend to conform. Rather than make individual judgments they tend to come to a group agreement.Conclusion The results show that when in an ambiguous situation ( much(prenominal) as theautokinetic effect), a person will look to others (who know more / better) for guidance (i.e. adopt the group norm). They want to do the right thing but may lack the appropriate information. Observing others can provide this information. This is known as informational conformity.Non ConformityNot everyone conform to social pressure. Indeed, their are many factors that contribute to an individuals desire to remain independent of the group.For example, Smith and Bond (1998) discovered cultural differences in conformity between western and eastern countries. People from western cultures (such as America and the UK) are more likely to be individualistic and dont want to be seen as being the same as everyone else.This means that they value being independent and self sufficient (the individual is more important that the group), and as such are more likely to participate in non conformity.In contrast eastern cultures (such as Asian countries) are more likely to value the ineluctably of the family and other social groups before their own. They are known as collectivist cultures and are more likely to conform.

Athabasca Assignment

Assignment 1 Using a Database for Strategic Business Development Assignment 1 is worth 5 percent of your final examination grade for this course. Answer all questions in the Hands-on MIS project Improving Decision Making Using a Database to Clarify Business Strategy on pages 9293 of the textbook. Read the date instructions in the textbook cargonfully and follow all instructions. Background Relational databases be not unexampled technology. Commercially, they gained importance in the early 1980s with the introduction of Oracles relational database, and since then they have been an essential tool for most businesses.Databases are fine tools that help to documentation various business functions in an organization. These knowledge systems help a business to build and maintain competitive advantage. Databases not only support the operational levels of businessthey are also used to support the activities of managers. For this assignment, you will be analyzing the data in a simple, o ne-table database by creating queries and give notice (of)s in Microsoft get to. The system you are developing will be used by The Queens Inn in St. Johns, Newfoundland for strategic business development purposes.Remember that Access, Excel, and even FrontPage, are all tools. This assignment will help you discover how to use a database tool to support a business. You will be analyzing the data in the database and tell the questions in the exercise to create the queries and narrations that are necessary to determine what the Inns current business situation is. Instructions * If you have not even so set up your gravel to MyMISLab, go to the Learning Materials page for the proper steps and codes. It is vital that you set up MyMISLab correctly to ensure you have access to the resources for CMIS 351. Go to MyMISLab and download the Exercise Data File MIS11ch03 for this assignment from the Assignment 1 folder (after logging in, click Course Content, choose View both Content, then s croll down to the Assignment 1 folder that appears after the 15 Lesson folders). You may download either the 2003 or the 2007 database file. If the data file doesnt open, check your browsers pop-up blocker settings or try holding down the Ctrl key when clicking the file name. * After you have downloaded and opened the file, click FILE hold open AS, then SAVE the file to your hard drive according to the following assignment naming standards ourlastname_CMIS351_assign1. mdb Once the file has been saved, you can open it and start works on your assignment. * Analyze the data in the database and in the application exercise. * To complete this assignment, you will need to do data calculations. Remember to follow good database radiation pattern here by not saving your calculations as part of the data table itself (they should appear only in your queries). * Create queries and reports that will provide information to help management at the Queens Inn to be more competitive and profitable. If you look at the original database you downloaded, you will see that it provides suggestions for the collar reports that should be created for The Queens Inn. These empty templates will give you an indication of what queries and reports you must create for this assignment. * If you need a refresher on using Access databases, see the resources on the Supplemental Information for Access Assignments page. * Write a brief report (1-2 pages) describing what database information (from your analysis) would make the business more competitive and profitable.Your report must include, at a minimum, answers to the four questions in the last paragraph of the exercise on page 93 of the textbook. For this assignment you must hand in * an Access database with reports and queries as described above (the number of queries and reports will be up to you) OR * if you do not have access to a calculator on which you can install Microsoft Access, you may use another database tool. If you do this, you m ust also submit the following * an E-R diagram of your database that clearly shows the primary and contradictory keys for each table. a screen shot of the first page of the contents of each table. Alternatively, you may create a report that dumps the contents of a table and submit a single page of that report. * queries that you designed to create each report. Show both the query design and the query output. * the reports required in the assignment In either case, you must also submit a Word document containing a report as described in the assignment instructions on page 93. When you are ready to submit your assignment, listen to this message from your Course Coordinator.Marking criteria You will be marked according to the following criteria. Database 4 marks * implemented correctly * queries are correct Reports 3 marks * provide required information * comprehensive * readable (accurate spelling and grammar) Written report 3 marks * professional, business-like * relevant * cor rect (covers required information) Once you have completed the assignment, you must return to this Web page and follow the instructions on the right to submit your assignment for marking.

Hanson Industry HPL

Abstract Hansson Private Label (HPL) is a manufacturer of personal care products. The company was purchased by Mr Hanson in 1992. The investiture represented signifi fecal mattert risk for Hanson because a significant portion of his wealth was tied up is a single enthronization. Over the past sixteen historic period Hanson has grown the company at a conservative that persistent fashion. He is now faced with an investment opportunity that promises swift growth but also accompanies significant amount of risk. The sales of the private labels are dependent on few larger customers and customer retention is very important to a company like HPL.Recently HPLs largest customer has approach the company for a large order. The company will need to invest in expanding its facilities in order to meet the order requirements. This is an excellent opportunity for HPL but the downside is that the customer would only commit to a three year contract and the company can bear significant losses if the customer refuses to buy the product after the contract expires. thitherfore Hansson needs to accurately calculate the cash flows related to the investment and account for the risk inherent in the investment before he can make decision on the expansion project.Excel Sheet Projections for refinement Project Investment Appraisal for Expansion Project 2009-2018 Free Cash Flows, NPV, IRR, MIRR Calculation of Cost of Capital Riskfree Rate, Market Risk Premium, EquityBeta, Cost of Equity, Cost of Debt, WACC sensitivity Analysis of Key Projections Decrease of 10% Current Increase of 10% Capacity Utlilization, Selling Price, WACC, Production Cost Page 1 HPL. tx. txt Questions Covered 1. There are two main parts to any valuation analysis Projection of cash-flows and brush asideing them by the appropriate discount rate.Your main objective is to analyze the rightness of both these parts. Are the cash-flow projections reasonable? Does the discount rate make sense? 2. Estimate appropriate inc remental after-tax cash-flows. Make sure that you explain the appropriateness of your cash-flow projections. 3. What should the discount rate depend on? Discuss. 4. Finally, offer your conclusions including an analysis of strategic implications of the proposal. You are not expected to know as much as the insiders of the firm. They will surely know more. But, do the best you can.

Pupils at Elementary School and Their Behavior Essay

Elementary enlighten was formerly the name given to publicly funded schooldayss in Great Britaincitation implyed which provided a basic standard of information for working class children aged from five to 14, the school leaving age at the time. They were also known as industrial schools. Elementary schools were set up to enable working class children to receive manual training and elementary instruction. They provided a restricted curriculum with the emphasis on reading, writingand arithmetic (the three Rs). The schools operated on a monitorial system, whereby one teacher supervised a large class with the assistance of a team of monitors, who were quite often older pupils.Elementary school teachers were paid by results. Their pupils were expected to achieve precise standards in reading, writing and arithmetic such as reading a short paragraph in a newspaper, writing from dictation, and working out sums and fractions.2 Before 1944 around 80 percent of the school population attende d elementary schools through to the age of 14. The eternal rest transferred either to vicarious school or third-year technical school at age 11. The school system was changed with the introduction of the precept Act 1944. Education was restructured into three progressive stages which were known as first-string program line,secondary fostering and further education.3In the UK, schools providing primary education are now known as primary schools. They generally cater for children aged from four-spot to eleven (Reception to Year Six or in Northern Ireland and Scotland P1 to P7). Primary schools are often subdivided into infant schools for children from four to seven and junior schools for ages seven to 11. In the (diminishing) minority of areas where there is a three-tier system, children go to lower school or first school until about 9, past midsection school until about 13, then upper school in these places, the term primary school is non usually used.United StatesMain word Education in the United StatesElementary school in Kentucky, 1946In the United States, chest of drawers to regulate education resides constitutionally with the individual states. The direct authority of the U.S. Congress and the federal U.S. Department of Education is essentially limited to regulation and enforcement of federal constitutional rights. Great indirect authority is exercised through federal backup of national programs and block grants but there is no obligation upon any state to accept these funds, and the U.S. government otherwise may propose but not enforce national goals, objectives and standards, which generally lie beyond its jurisdiction. Nevertheless, education has had a relatively consistent evolution throughout the United States. All states have historically made a distinction between two genres of K-12 education and three genres of K-12 school.The genres of education are primary and secondary and the genres of school are elementary school, middle or junior naughty school school, and high school (historically, senior high school to distinguish it from the junior school). Primary education (or primary school mean primary education) still tends to focus on basic academic learning and socialization skills, introducing children to the broad range of knowledge, skill and behavioral adjustment they need to succeed in life and, particularly, in secondary school. Secondary education or secondary school has always focused on preparing adolescents for higher education or/and for careers in industries, trades or professions that do not require an academic degree. The elementary school has always been the main point of delivery for primary education and the (senior) high school has always been the focal point ofsecondary education. Originally, elementary school was synonymous with primary education, taking children from kindergarten through check 8 and secondary school was entirely coextensive with the high school grades 9 12.This system was the norm in America until the years following World War I, because most children in most parts of what was then the mostly rural United States could go no further than Grade 8. Even when the high schools were available, they were often not accessible. As the population grew and became increasingly urban and suburban instead of rural, the one-room schoolhouse gave way to the multi-room schoolhouse, which became multiple schools. This produced the third genre of school the junior high school which was designed to provide transitional preparation from primary school to secondary school, thus serving as a bridge between the elementary school and the high school. Elementary schools typically operated grades Kindergarten through 6 the junior high school, often housed in the same building as the senior high school, then cover grades 7 through 9 and the senior high school operated grades 10 through 12.At the same time, grade 9 marked the beginning of high school for the purpose of GPA ca lculation. It was typical during this period for state departments of education to certify (in California, credential) teachers to work in either primary or secondary education. A Primary School Certificate qualified the holder to teach any subject in grades K through 8, and his/her major and minor subjects in grade 9. A Secondary School Certificate qualified the holder to teach any subject in grades 7 and 8, and his/her major and minor subjects in grades 9 through 12. Certain subjects, such as music, art, physical, and special education were or could be conferred as K through 12 Teaching Certificates. By the late 1960s, the lines of transition between primary and secondary education began to blur, and the junior high school started to get replaced by the middle school.This change typically cut reassignment of grade 9 to the (senior) high school, with grade 6 reassigned to the middle school with grades 7 and 8. Subsequent decades in legion(predicate) states have also seen the real ignment of teacher certification, with grade 6 frequently now included on the secondary teaching certificate. Thus, whereas 20th-century American education began with the elementary school finishing at grade 8, the twenty-first century begins with the American elementary school finishing at grade 5 in many jurisdictions. Nevertheless, the older systems do persist in many jurisdictions. While they are in the minority today, there are still school districts which, instead of adopting the middle school, still distinguish between junior and senior high schools. Thus, high schools can be either 9-12, which is most common, or 10-12.

Meaning of Life and Fast Lane Essay

leave well(p) adequacy alone let well exuberant alone Meaning If you leave well enough alone, or let well enough alone, you dont try to improve or change whateverthing thats already sound enough. For example The kids front happy enough now so lets just leave well enough alone and for fixate round finding a new school for them.? skate on thin ice- Meaning If youre skating on thin ice, youre doing something risky, or youre in a situation that could quickly become dangerous.jockey for position- Meaning If you jockey for position, you try to get yourself in a unspoiled position in relation to others whore competing for the same opportunity or the same goal. let the cat bug out of the bag Meaning If you let the cat out of the bag, you let psyche roll in the hay a secret. You could have knocked me oer with a feather. Meaning You can separate you could have knocked me over with a feather to show how surprised you were when something happened, or when you perceive about somet hing. add fuel to the fire If you add fuel to the fire, you do something to make a bad situation even worse.Ahead of the game You argon ahead of the game if you have an advantage over your competitors in any activity in which you try to do better than others, such as in business, academia, sports, etc. all the rage Informal If something is all the rage, its very popular or its in fashion at the moment. asking for difficultness If someone is asking for trouble, theyre doing something risky that could lead to a problem. itchy feet Informal If you have itchy feet, you feel the need to go somewhere polar or do something different. in the long run If you talk about something in the long run, you mean over a long head of time.At cross-purposes If youre at cross-purposes with someone, you ideate youre both talking about the same thing but youre actually talking about different things. at loose ends If youre at loose ends, you feel restless and unsettled because you dont have anything t o do. a blessing in disguise You can say something is a blessing in disguise if it appears to be bad at first, but it results in something very good in the end. back to square one If you have to go back to square one, you have to stop and start again, usually because something isnt working as well as expected. bite your tongue hold your tongueIf you bite your tongue, or hold your tongue, you force yourself not to say something you really want to to say. the icing on the cake the frosting on the cake If something is the icing on the cake, or the frosting on the cake, it makes a good situation or a good result even better. joie de vivre If you have joie de vivre, you feel the joy of living. make hay while the sun shines If you make hay while the sun shines, you make good use of the chance to do something while it lasts. Fast friends good, loyal friends. The two of them had been degraded friends since college. See also friend fast one a quick-witted and devious trick.(Compare this with pull a fast one. ) That was a fast one. I didnt know you were so devious. This was the last fast one like that youll perpetually catch me with. life in the fast lane a very active or possible risky way to live. (See also in the fast lane. ) Life in the fast lane is too much for me. See also lane, life make short work of something to deal with or intercept something quickly We made short work of the food that was put in front of us. fast and furious if an activity is fast and furious, it is done quickly and with a lot of energy The first half of the game was fast and furious with both teams scoring three goals each.Ngn av dessa till din story a queer fish Meaning If someones a queer fish, they are a bit strange and can sometimes behave in an unusual way. For exampleYour great grandfather was a queer fish, Johnny. He used to write funny poems and then hed read them out loud to everyone on the train on his way to work let the cat out of the bag Meaning If you let the cat out of the bag, you let someone know a secret. For example Wed planned a surprise party for Donna, but some guy she works with let the cat out of the bag, so now she knows.? Dont forget that this is a secret, so whatever you do, dont let the cat out of the bag.?There? s an elephant in the room Meaning If you make a killing, you make a lot of money from a sale or a deal of some sort. For example My aunt made a killing when she bought some shares in a company as soon as they were issued, and sold them a a couple of(prenominal) weeks later for three times what she paid.? Lots of people made a killing when property values went so high back in the nineties. speak is worse than his bite, put your money where your mouth is prove it.. alot of not air? all hell broke loose Meaning You can say all hell broke loose if a situation suddenly became violent or chaotic.Bad news travels fast Bad news convey news about bad things like accidents, death, illness etc. People tend to tell this type of ne ws quickly. But good news (passing an exam, attractive some money, getting a job etc) travels more slowly. Least said soonest mended Possible interpretation When we do or say something bad to someone, a long apology and discussion does not help. In such a case, the less we say the better. Its written all over your face. If you say its written all over your face, youre saying that the expression on someones face is showing their true feelings or thoughts. concourse 20 ENOUGH IS ENOUGH Words Relating to More Than Enough (did you get it? ) ample copious lavish myriad plethora profuse prolific unpointed surfeit Memory tips use these mnemonics (memory devices) to boost your vocabulary. Make up your own memory clues for words in this lesson that are personally challenging. Add these tips-and your own-to your Vocabulary Notebook. full-bodied let yourself see the word copies within copious, and speak out lots of copies. Certainly lots of copies leads to the defining ideas of abundant a nd plentiful. Plethora Let the ple lead you to plenty.When you write plethora in your Vocabulary Notebook, underscore the ple with a colored pen or marker. Superfluous The prefix super kernel over and above. This knowledge is helpful because ineffectual means above what is needed extra. Surfeit Like super-, sur- is also a prefix meaning over and above. So a surfeit is an amount over and above what is needed. Using apperception, (http//www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/apperception) link a word you most likely already know, surplus, to the new word, surfeit. These two-syllable synonyms even have the same number of letterSolidify the meaning of surfeit in your memory. Ample think of the word sample but get rid of the S. and since Ample means more than enough you can think of many samples Lavish think of marangsvisch with lakris sas And put the letters LA from the word Lakris instead of S. Profuse(overflodande) think about refuse and proactive, because proactive is affluent with vitamins. Change the re to pro Prolific, the word productive has the same meaning, so take the PRO from productive and add it with lyric which at least makes me think of lific. So think productive lyric.Myraid (skiftande mangd) think My ride Group 19 (2nd cluster for Fall Term) Wonderful You Are Words Relating to Praise and Respect (did you get it? ) Acclaim accolade adulate esteem eulogize exalt extol laud panegyrize revere venerate Laud If you know applaud, then simply attach the new word laud to the word you already know, applaud. The meanings of these two verbs are closely connected. Plaudits means praise. Revere You remember Paul Revere from American History, right? Now, I am sure youll agree that its only right to respect, or revere one of our nations Founding Fathersanother(prenominal) tip you can repeat this chant to yourself over and over Revere the Reverend. Revere the Reverend. Revere the Reverend Acclaim think of ass, but with cc, and slajm (slaim) Accolade think of as sa, but with cc and chocolade Adulate ad-ul-ate Esteem think of S team, but with double e Eulogize think ekoloogisk / EU logisk Exalt think Exaltera, without era, since exalterad means vara upprymd like exalt. Extol, ex stol Panegyrize think, pannkakor & risgrynsgrot Venerate Think ata vanner, but switch place, let vanner lead you 2 Vener, and ata-ate.

Strategy and Change Management

TABLE OF CONTENTS Introduction Severstal strategic abbreviation External environmental analysis ostiariuss 5 forces Yips globalisation strategy Current strategy Industry heart rhythm method Market segmentation Severstal acquisition activities BCG MATRIX Ansoff matrix Stakeholder analysis Conclusion Appendix References Introduction This concession is based on hotshot of the queen-sizegest poise social club in the human it is known as Severstal. This come with was founded in 1955 by Cherepovets vane mill and remain under soviet government ownership until 1991. In 1993 Alexel Mordashov became owner of this friendship and registers the comp either name as Severstal in Russia.After the privatisation it becomes one of the internationalistic Russian companies with oversea export and ownership of foreign assets. And they also listed in LSE and RTS stock commercializes. They own tune in Canada, US, and atomic number 63. Severstal is one of the star brand name manufacturers in Russia. It consists of six segments such(prenominal) as Kolpino processing service Centre, admixture w be, pipes, transaction and services, steel and scraps procurement In 2008, Severstal became trinity biggest steel producer in Russian and 14 in the world, and the tax income reaches to US$ 22. billion. In same family they decided to change company twist by making troika divisions such as Severstal international, Severstal Russian steel and Severstal resources. These changes improved their profit in the world. In 2007 they also established gold business in the world. In 2010 Severstal improve their leading military position in Russian market. However, they argon famous for their high evaluate added products such as galvanized sheet, cold furled and pipes. However, the company got 10 boards of directors and 5 are independent director including chairman.lastly, this research give examine the company strategic exercise and tell us detail information of the company in cluding its environmental factors and financial transactance in the world. EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT FACTORS Macro environmental factors lead critically analysis the company remote factors by means of its broadly frame work such as pest analysis. This framework will help to know about the company environment in the world. Political factors * Government are establishing vernal trade barriers for all that skunk have negative or positive impact on their business. an different(prenominal) political factors which can affect their business are adverse impact on business, such as operational results and financial impact. * Severstal investment policy can have regional political risk. * completely majorities of production and operations are taking place in other region and countries with stand able political and social system. Economic factors * S diminished rate of economic harvesting can affect Russian economy. * quoin can subjugate select of all raw materials such as anoint, gas and metals that leads to loss for the company. increase in inflation can decline production and increased unemployment in the country. * Increased in oil price can lead to slow down in world economic growth and burn demand of steel in the world. Social factors * Social corporate responsibility. * Changes in employment laws and labour can affect on their business. * Significant attentions and following social rules of government can lead company growth in future. * Creating employment satisfaction and fulfilment of employee working potential can burst good family relationship with labour. Technological factor New engineering science and innovations is required to develop the market position. * Implementing in the buff techniques methods for development * Creating new types of steel alloys such as construction products of building. * Better services, theatrical role and technology for manufacturing and production. Porters five forces http//www. google. co. uk/search? q=porters+f ive+forceshl=enprmd=imvnsbtbm=ischtbo=u However, steel industries were not profitable from long time. All the manufacturers and producers were not seen profitable in late 1990 to 2003.In USA, more than 50 industries went for bankruptcy. Eventually, twenty first one C becomes revolutionary for steel exertion. For physical exertion mittal steel paid $35 billion to buying European giant and proper world largest steel industry in the world. New entrants There are two authorityful entrants in the steel industries they are reorganisation and privatisation. There will be limited threats of new entrants in steel industry. However, Chinese are increasing capacity of rate at 30%. Since 1990 Chinese has become third world exporter and producer in the world after Russia and Japan.Although the steel industry will have a competitor such as chinaware, and India steel industry can become the threat for Severstal. Substitutes There are not many substitutes for steel, but because of the advan ce technology they introduced substitutes by other material such as aluminium in cars, plastics and aluminium are used to make this thing. However, in present world steel has become one third thinner over last few years. Similarly for construction big items such as building, bridges, trains etc steel are only used to make these items.Buyer power There are many key buyers for steel such as Toyota, Ford, Volkswagen and one of the leading steel buyers who produce solid food cans is known as crown holding, they make one third of food can in Europe and North America. All these industries buy high volume of steel to produce their items. Car manufacturers are the leading buyers of steel in the world. Supplier power The key producer of steel is iron ore. There are three big ORE producers they are TINTO, RIO, CVRD and BHP Billiton they control 70% of steel market in the world. The supplier power of steel maker is very high in this ndustry. Despite of recession, steel ore price was not lesse n in the market. Competitive Rivalry Since 2000, the industry has become very fragmented, the top most producers in the world has been accounted for 14% of production. Most of them were selling the steel in tonnes. Price were decreased in 19th speed of light and bit slow down in the demand. However in the twenty first century demand boomed by Chinese market. Chinese were the largest consumer of steel in the world. Other big companies comparable mittal, Tata and thyssen Krupp were buying weaker players in the market.New steel giant mittal becomes the world largest producers in the world. Yips globalisation strategy From the above macro environment situation the company decide to adapt the global strategy in bless to make higher revenue and profit in the future. This yip globalisation model helps to evaluate the industry. http//www. google. co. uk/imgres? um=1hl=ensa=Nbiw=1280bih=709tbm=ischtbnid=ED-UITUWq9ob0Mimgrefurl=http This model is consisting of four drivers which help indu stry for global working out in international market.However, apply this framework in Severstal industry to see it benefits Market drivers If we see the performance of Severstal, it most revenue is generating by North America, Russia and other resources of the world. harmonize to its annual report the company is generating revenue from all crossways the world. The steel market is cyclical with short peak to peak demand in the regional markets. However, in future company can dominate the position Chinese market. Basically, Chinese has very less enumerate of producers in the market to supply steel in international market.Cost drivers Mostly the steel industry generates its income through iron ore and other raw materials including, energy, electricity and labour. However, to increase its revenue company compulsion to globalize and reduce the price in order to improve its profitability. The industry take aim to utilise it assets were the company exact from mergers and acquisition. Finally the company hire to produce the material in the different countries to reduce it production costs and logistics cost in the end. Government driversThe industry has benefit in the country where they have liberal trade laws such as European Union who provides human resource and infrastructure facility compared to other parent company that run in Russia. Competitive drivers The rapid development in environment yields the new level of argument in steel industry. The vision and mission of Severstal is to achieve it steel production crosswise the globe. The report shows that Severstal is a 14th largest steel industry in world that produced 19. 2 million tonnes of steel in the world. However, mittal is the largest industry to produce 54. 4 million tonnes of steel in a year. case study Severstal). However, Severstal need to flourish its business by implementing a strategy in the business that can help the company whole step by step to improve the market condition in the future . CURRENT STRATEGY Severstal industry life cycle https//www. google. co. uk/search? q=industry+life+cyclehl=enprmd=imvnsbztbm=ischtbo=usource=univsa=Xei=bRgaUIbkHtK There are four stages of industry life cycle such as * Development Severstal need to center on development and innovation of product which help company to bring new technology and environment benefits.They should maintain the quality of the product. * Growth Severstal need to maintain its business growth drivers such as vertical integration, cost advantages and strategic market focus. * Maturity Severstal is one of the dominated steel industries in the market. However, they need to maintain position in US and Europe market to achieve maturity in the business. Although, china is existing market with less revenue that can become your main market in the future. * go down In 1990 steel industry was facing huge decline in their sales and production.However in 21th century steel industries are dominating the position in the world by acquire small industries for example mittal acquisition European steel company and Tata purchase other steel industry. Market segmentation According to the market research the full vertical integration form give competitive advantage to Severstal, they need to keep strengthens the industry cyclicality market risk and provides flexibility and disruption allow us to capture the market opportunity. This vertical integration system helps company to improve financial performance in all three division of market.This vertical form also help to maintain the cost advantage and supply fibril with high level of sufficiency, However, Severstal need focus on acquisition of small steel industry to acquire and develop the business in entire world. Target market * Severstal need to target rising markets such as Latin America, south east Asia, Africa and middle east * They need to secure their assets in fast growing steel markets. * Developing a new global raw material base will secure a ccess to high potential market ensure its leading position and develop its expansion strategy for the company. Severstal need to target Chinese market and Asian market to develop their position in the world. Positioning * Severstal need to maintain its position in Russia and North American market. However, their goal for 2012 is to improve EBITDA allowance account and despite many economic and industry challenges. * Our Intention is to keep global cost curve across all the operations and strengthen our market position. * They need to more focus on potential emerging market and high value added product which drive our margins to top position. SEVERSTAL ACQUISITION ACTIVITIESPortfolio matrices (BCG MATRIX) The most common portfolio analysis is Boston consulting group matrix which analysis the market get by and market growth of the industry. This matrix show high growth demand heavy investment for example it show the excess capacity or develop brand. http//www. google. co. uk/imgres? hl=ensa=Xbiw=1280bih=709tbm=ischprmd=imvnsbtbnid=pBDs3BceOtFkAMimgrefurl=http//www. quickmba. com/strategy/matrix/bcg/docid Stars Europe, US and Russia has high market distribute for Severstal. Question marks Chinese and Asian market.Cash cow North American and Russian market is specie cow where Severstal can develop their market international by export steel in the world. Dogs other countries like South Korea. Ansoff matrix Ansoff matrix is a framework to proposed growth strategies for company to develop its business in future. Market penetration * Severstal should maintain the focus on emerging markets such as Russia and northerly America * Russian market can increase its revenue in future years. However, WTO has announced the upcoming winter Olympic Games in Sochi Russia which give additional opportunity to develop its market. They need to more focus on south East Asia, Africa, Middle East and Latin America where they got fastest growing steel market. Product development * S everstal need to maintain the quality of product such as raw materials like iron ore, coking coal, scrap. * Severstal are targeting to expand access of raw material that could develop the strategically * Severstal need to more focus on gold business which can increase their revenue. Market development * Severstal need to develop its market position in china and Asian market. * They need focus on high value added products and fast growing market. To maintain and maximise margins of the company, they should need to focus on steel related tap and steel production. * Target main market such as Russia to become no 1 in that market. Diversification * Severstal need to concentrate more on their existing products such as wire ropes, metal ware and steel pipes. * Company need to maintain its stability in the market. STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS http//www. google. co. uk/imgres? blend=95hl=enbiw=1280bih=709tbm=ischtbnid=YIubWJZV1827SMimgrefurl=http//intoprojects. om/how-to-identify-stakeholdersdoc id=gTtb0gkJERbD9M There are two types of stake holders they primary stakeholders and secondary stakeholders. unproblematic stakeholders * Customers customers are the key person for every company. Who hope high value added product and good quality and better customer services. * Suppliers supplier is a person who give raw materials and other products to company and exigency their payments on time * Employees employees play vital role in every organisation, those are the people who perform good for the company and maintain the standard of the company.In order to achieve good salaries and benefit from the industry. * Shareholders shareholders always want the industry to perform well in the market and achieve high revenue every year in order to get more dividend from the company. Secondary stakeholders * Consumer group consumer group has a responsibility to return the fairly and safety product are given to consumers. * Trade sexual union A trade union is a govt law that everyone ha s in their company. However this trade union assist the labour in any requirement and help them work in better environment. Pressure group this group maintain the rules and ordination of the government on company law influence and regulation. * Government Government are related with legislation, VAT, and taxation, low employment. * Community group this community group includes all community such as jobs, contributions, ecological factors and share will comes under this group. * Media media also play vital role for every industry in order to promote brand and create good relationship with customers and ongoing activity. Areas to conflict Primary stakeholder * Customer are not satisfied with the product and quality that are

Public Displays of Affection Essay

Have you ever walked wad the h solelyways of our direct and seen so momentous that all open displays of partiality should be banned? As a student I walk through these halls every day and the gravest thing I have seen is a kiss that lasted a bit too big. That doesnt seem enough to grant banning all forms of public displays of affection (PDA). I believe that it should not be banned. gorgerin is not just a way to show affection, high school is supposed to get us countersink for our life beyond BHHS, and finally PDA notices people in line, no fights etc., and banning it would jazz to students unhappiness and therefore our enthusiasm to work would diminish. First, hugging is not just a way to show affection only if also a form of accosting. Hugging is a way of greeting much equal how the French kiss your cheek when meeting you. In America we often shake hands to greet someone but in France they kiss you on your cheek.This is not a way of showing how you get it on that person but more like saying hello. Just the other day a plugger and I were at the mall and I happened upon an old friend that I hadnt seen a long time. When we recognized each other we said hello and also gave each other a hug. It was a short hug and just served the purpose of a greeting between to friends. I have no feeling of love toward her so although it was public it was not an affectionate hug. Not all hugs are use to show affection toward a loved one. Second, high school is supposed to get us ready for our life beyond BHHS in that life I hope to have a girlfriend but how am I supposed learn to keep that girl if I cannot show affection toward her? For starters I would like to learn how to hold a girls hand. By holding her hand I am sexual congress her that I dont necessitate to be away from her. Unfortunately holding hands is a form of PDA and so I could not do that. Also it is said that a firstborn kiss is very important.By kissing her it shows that I have feeling for her. I do not want to get out of high school and, because I had never done it before, mess up the first kiss with someone I liked and lose her. Learning these things in high school is central to you living a good and happy life outside of BHHS. PDA keeps people in line, no fights etc., and banning it would lead to students unhappiness and therefore our enthusiasmto work would diminish. If you want to kiss your girlfriend during lunch then you must be at lunch. Getting detention would keep you from being there. If PDA was allowed kids would not do anything that might lead to detention. Furthermore, PDA ties almost directly into having a girlfriend. Everyone wants to have the one they like think that they are worthy to go out with, put entirely they want to impress them. Getting good grades is a way to impress and show that you are smart.By banning PDA grades would be expected to drop and such things as fights may occur. In conclusion, Hugging is not just a way to show affection, high school is supposed to get us ready for our life beyond BHHS, and finally PDA keeps people in line, no fights etc., and banning it would lead to students unhappiness and therefore our enthusiasm to work would diminish. This is why I say that public displays of affection should not be banned. It would do more harm than good and not all of it is make up relevant to showing that you love someone.

Marketing in a Higher Education Institution Essay

I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Jake Ansell, for only his support and encouragement during this ch solelyenging speaking period. My gratitude also goes out to all academic and support staff of the MSc market and Business Analysis course for what was an preparational stimulating academic year. All the knowl sharpness passed on and assistant given formed a solid foundation that was in invaluable during the course of working on this dissertation.I would like to also like to take this opportunity to extend my appreciation to my family members, course mates and friends, who acted as pillars of strength by continuously keeping check and giving out contrives of encouragement during the dissertation phase.ABSTRACTThe nature of the rapidly changing high didactics (HE) pains has forced universities to implement to a greater extent innovative selling strategies. In order to await competitive, there is a need for universities to non but engage in selling strate gies that argon germane(predicate) to the existing HE linguistic context, but also be aw atomic act 18 of foreseeable changes that be taking place to enable them to alter their topical anaestheticizes and adapt smoothly without organism left behind. This rent investigates the merchandising strategies employed by the College of liberal arts and Social accomplishment at the University of Edinburgh and the relevancy of these strategies in the context of the fast-moving HE manufacturing. Three main aras were studied in the literature inspection- directs of the industry, current merchandising philosophies and practices within the industry and trends that likely to shape the future of the industry.A proper understanding of these beas is important as it used as a comparative yardstick to evaluate the Colleges existing strategic position and the direction it is veranda towards. Qualitative number for was used given the exploratory nature of the deal that aimed to get out t houghts, experiences and ideas of respondents. In-depth interview was used as the main search method as there was a peculiar(prenominal) need to gather detailed information from select-few respondents based on their job expertise. On a small scale, localize group interviews comprising students were also conducted as a complementary research to generate their perception and views regarding the high(prenominal) commandment Industry.Upon analysis, discussion of the findings was divided into three separates based on their relevance to the research questions and the gaps observed in the literature review. The key findings was that the general philosophy of the Colleges merchandising is in line with the existing standards judge of the HE, but there is inadequate marketing for undergrad levels which was brought about by an arguably false rendition of high invite. The study also directs that there is under-utilization of the role of student ambassador and lack of sex activity- based marketing, both of which were place in the literature as important in keeping up with fiercer competition and addressing challenges of the future. In name of earnings structure, high-income household students ar expected to pay the largest share of cost because of their ineligibility to apply for just about loans and grants. However, they are seen to be willing to trace HE studies and view it as an investment for a better career. get-go and middle-income household students, although are not affected much at undergraduate level, are likely to hear employment aft(prenominal) their studies instead of commencing a postgraduate stagecoach. The findings and analysis brought about several recommendations which embarrass way on inter field marketing to make up the level of international students, thereof generating higher(prenominal) revenues that could be channelled at funding purposes for postgraduate level to increase friendship of low and middle-income household stu dents. Recommendations for strengthening marketing lying-ins at undergraduate level, tailoring gender-based marketing and efficient utilization of student ambassador schemes were also provided. The study concludes that date the current marketing philosophy fits the existing context (with exception to undergraduate level), a lot tummy be done to capitalized on emerging trends to ensure that the College is better prepared to deal with the changes of the future.1.0 CHAPTER ONE approachThis Chapter will present the purpose of the research, along with the objectives that are aimed to be actiond. It also brings into attention the relevant research questions that the study look fors to answer. The Introduction Chapter concludes with a structure of piece of music to demonstrate the organization and structural design of this study.1.1 break up of makeThe purpose of this study is to analyze the current marketing strategies employed by the University of Edinburghs College of Humanitie s and Social Science and its relevance to the rapidly changing higher information industry, to enhance the knowledge obtainable in existing research and also to set the foundation for further research. Existing research on higher grooming is vast but there is limited research on contemporary strategies in the fastchanging higher command industry. More importantly, there has been very few studies done on the University of Edinburgh and the Colleges associated with it, in footing of its effectiveness in executing marketing strategies and preparatory measures in dealing with future challenges.The objectives of this research are1) To investigate the relevance of marketing strategies adopted by the College of Humanities and Social Science with regards to the existing context of the Higher study industry.2) To investigate the competitiveness of marketing strategies employed by the College of Humanities and Social Science with regards to the foreseeable changes to the Higher Educati on industry.In order to do this, there was need to spend a penny a general understanding on the Higher Education industry and also the transformations that it has witnessed and are likely to guinea pig in the recent future. Upon identifying the underlying and emerging factors that are set to affect the marketing strategies undertaken by the College, the study was limited to a focused area of study and the following research questions were derived1) Are the general marketing philosophies of the University of Edinburgh in line with contemporary standards expected in the Higher Education industry?2) To what extent are Student Ambassadors being empowered and utilized as a marketing tool to provide the edge in a competitive student recruitment market? 3) Are there initiatives on gender-based marketing to capitalize on the trend of consistently increasing number of effeminate students in Higher Education? 4) How would a novel-made fee-structure, if implemented, affect marketing stra tegies in recruiting UK, EU and overseas students?1.2 Structure of ReportThe report is organised as followsCHAPTER ONE Reveals the purpose of the study and central issues that are observed. It moves on to identify the research objectives that the study endeavours to appreciate by means of the assessment of key research questions ( preceding(prenominal) particle). CHAPTER TWO Provides an overview of the Higher Education industry and explores three main atom- demands in higher education, contemporary marketing philosophies and practices of the industry, and the higher education fee structure. to severally one section is concluded by establishing their relevance to the research questions being posed. CHAPTER THREE Discusses the methodology used in addressing the research questions. This Chapter establishes the reasons for the selection of methods and techniques used, and highlights the limitations in place. It also provides reasons as to why an early(a)(prenominal) methods were not employed.CHAPTER FOUR Provides findings from the special research and analysis linking the findings to the literature review. This Chapter is divided into three sections- New-age marketing philosophies of the higher education industry, relationship between tuition fees structure and marketing strategies with regards to recruitment for UK, EU and Non-EU students, and under-utilization of resources to capitalize of emerging trends (student ambassador and gender-based marketing). It also critically discusses the strengths and weakness of the Colleges marketing strategies. Recommendations were also provided in this chapter to counter weaknesses that were observed.CHAPTER FIVE Concludes the study and reiterates the summarized findings, analysis and recommendations of the previous Chapter. Areas for future research and research limitations that could be im tasted on were also highlighted. Note In this research, College would remark to College of Humanities and Social Science, Univer sity of Edinburgh. This is distinct from University which would refer to the University of Edinburgh as a whole. Although this study is done in the College, the word University will be used in some discussion areas which encompass both the College and the University.2.0 CHAPTER TWO writings REVIEWThe Literature review will emphasize on three areas demands for Higher Education, contemporary marketing philosophies and practices of Higher Education, and Higher Education fee structure. A firm comprehension of these areas will provide a good understanding on the current structure of Higher Education and the direction it is heading towards.2.1 Demands for Higher EducationThe implementation of effective marketing strategies depends significantly on clear understanding of demands within an industry. This section of the literature review aims to look into the patterns seen in demand, from both local and international perspectives, and how they shake up evolved over the years. It would seek to review motivations that drive demand for higher education and identify emerging trends that could nourish an effect on future demands in the higher education industry. much(prenominal) understandings are vital for knowledgeabilitys in continuing to remain competitive and also in laying the foundations to facilitate possible changes in strategies for the future.Statistical figures show that in 1950, about 50,000 tertiary level students studied in institutions outside their home country (Brickman 1975). Europe and labor union America were the most popular continents of study destination and a vast majority of the students were from these regions. In foothold of Asian students, few studied away from their home countries and for those who did, the majority followed the colonial path with students from India, the Malay Peninsula and Hong Kong heading to the United Kingdom and ones from Indochina preferring an education in France (Cummings and So 1985).Out of a total of 900,000 s tudents who studied overseas in tertiary institutions in 1984, Asian students constituted about 45% of them in 1985. The sharp increase of Asian students was contributed by factors much(prenominal) as increment in income per capita in Asia which made it affordable for them to pursue a degree overseas and also the perception that overseas degrees were viewed as a platform to achieve good employment opportunities. Another contribute factor was the rapid expansion of secondary education in galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) Asian countries, because creating to a greater extent qualified tertiary-level applicants that the local education system could accommodate (Cumming 1984).Over the last decade, developed countries around the world truism a significant increase in demand for tertiary education and there switch been a large volume of research in frugalal literature to assess and analyze the driving forces that brought about this shift. Albert (2000) republics that all these studies lead to one major contributing force that has resulted in high demand for higher education the positive degree association between level of education and income and career prospects.Testing this hypothesis in the UK context, Greenaway and Haynes (2000) reported that an norm earning difference between a graduate and a nongraduate stands at 410,000 while Skidelski (2000) finished a study using a antithetic methodology projects the figure at 400,000. These figures are supported strongly by the report of UKs department of Education and Skill using Labour Force Survey data which estimated a life m ordinary differential of 400,000 as well (Greenaway and Haynes 2003). Therefore, given the similar period in which these studies were done, the UK figures asserts the findings of Albert (2000) whereby there is validity in the perception of association between income and level of education.Another important finding by Albert (2000) is the role of gender in explaining demand, in which women were noted to be relatively more motivated and inclined than men to demand for higher education on the tail end that it would enable them to compete on par with men in career advancement opportunities. This is supported by Broecke and Hamed (2008) in which they stated that although women has been historically under-representation in higher education, statistics show that by 1992, they have caught up with men in footing of friendship in England and as of 2008, are ahead of men by 7.2%. In a report submitted to the United Nations, Johnson and Vanderpool (2003) found that in the Carribean, the number of women in higher education outnumber that of men, and in some institutions even show 3.21 ratio.It is also estimated that the ratio could go up as high as 81 in favour of women. In the United States, the participation of women in higher education increased from 43% in 1971 to 56% in 1997 and the gap continues to widen (United States General Accounting Office 2000). In the UK context, the numbers of undergraduate female student applicants over the by 3 years have been consistently placed at 56% compared to male student applicants at 44% (see Appendix 1).This trend is of importance to higher education marketing in terms of weighing the importance of gender in relation to the establishment of target groups. age women may be seen as the ones more inclined to embrace higher education, it also indicates that little focus have to be channelled to them in marketing campaigns as compared to males.In terms of undergraduate students in the UK higher education industry, a significant portion of 88% consists of UK students in 2009/10. This is followed by Non-EU and EU students at 8% and 4% respectively. Figures based solely on undergraduate students enrolled on a right time basis indicate that UK students emerge as the significant front runner with 84% ahead of Non-EU students at 10% and EU students at 6%. As for half-time undergraduate students, UK stud ents are again the majority at 94% followed by Non-EU students at 4% and EU students at 2% (see Appendix 2). Although the pattern crosswise both these modes of study is quite similar, there is a difference in terms of percentage athletics between the 2009/10 inventorys compared to the previous academic cycle of 2008/2009. While all full time students no matter of geographical background recorded a positive variation in enrolment, UK and EU part time students recorded a accrue in enrolment by 3% and 7% respectively. Only Non-EU part-time students registered a positive increment from 2008/09 to 2009/10 with an increase of 6% (HESA 2011).Sastry (2004) argues that the number of students obtaining postgraduate courses immediately after their undergraduate studies is expected to rise due to the fact that there has been increasing number of graduates over the years. Therefore, as supported by Hesketh and Knight (1999), postgraduate study is viewed as an option for undergraduates to dif ferentiate themselves from the pool of other graduates seeking employment. Non-EU students make up about 43% of overall full-time postgraduate students in UK in 2009/10. This consists of a significant portion of total postgraduate students and the number has nearly doubled in the past seven years, indicating that this is a recent and emerging trend (HESA 2011). Overall, without taking UK into account, Non-EU students constitute 69% of students at all levels of study (see Appendix 3).This trend has seen the number of Non-EU students increase by just about 200% from 1995 to 2010. Income received by higher education institutions from Non-EU students during this same period has also increased significantly from 455 trillion in 1995 to 2,580 million in 2010 (see Appendix 4). Given that this is now a major market for UK tertiary institutions, there has been a rise in efforts taken to continue reaching prospective students abroad (Hemsley-Brown and Oplatka 2006). Important factors that c ome into dictation when assessing the ability of the UK higher education to remain attractive are the standard and reputation of institutions, the expansion of local education system in countries abroad, pickyly China and India, and the competitiveness of the UK market as opposed to other study destinations (Ramsden and Brown 2008).Employment opportunities in the UK is also a reason for Non-EU students to take up a postgraduate course as students who have studied in the UK for at least one full academic year would be eligible to apply for a Post-Study Work Visa. Guruz (2009) stated that incentives in the form of research grants and employment opportunities abroad are major forces that are considered by foreign students when choosing a study destination. However, it has to be brought into attention that the current UK Government has tightened visa regulations and the Post-Study Work Visa would be abolished in 2012 (The protector 2011).Therefore, the changes in regulation may bring about significant changes to the enrolment of international students in postgraduate courses in the UK. UK students consist of about 45% of the total number of full-time postgraduate students in the region, almost similar to the number of Non-EU students. However, UK students make up 82% of the part-time postgraduate students in 2009/10 (HESA 2011). This is part due to the fact that the high postgraduate fees require students to work in order to finance themselves. separate contributing reasons include company scholarship and students not wanting to leave their jobs in times of economic turmoil (Jongbloed 2003).EU students make up about 12% of full time postgraduate students, with most of its students coming from the new countries admitted into EU since 2004. However, increasing or perhaps even retaining the current level of enrolment of EU students may be a challenge as projections show that the population of 1830 year olds in EU are set to fall by 14% over the next 20 years. Of the new countries admitted into the EU in 2004, it is projected that their combined population of 18 year olds will decrease by a significant 37%, from 1.5 million in 2007 to 1 million in 2027 (Ramsden and Brown 2008).Reviewing this section shows that there is an increasing number of Non-EU students, particularly Asians, opting to study out of their home countries. Overall, over the years, there are a growing number of students who embark on higher education and one of the major contributors to this is the positive association between level of education and career prospects. The secondary research also reveals that although the majority of undergraduate students come from the UK, most of the postgraduate students in the UK are made up of Non-EU students. The trend of growing number of female students in the higher education industry was also observed.2.2 Contemporary Marketing Philosophies and Practices of Higher EducationIn order to remain relevant in rapidly changing industry, it is important for institutions to keep au courant with current needs of the market and changes that are involve of the industry to remain competitive. Therefore, this section of the literature review attempts to assess the paradigm shift of traditional higher education marketing to contemporary strategies required by the industry and also look at key areas that could be fully utilized to enhance the skill of higher education marketing campaigns. The marketing of higher education needs to encompass the traditional fierceness on product, place, price and promotion but also include people, process and physical licence finished a service-oriented marketing approach which gives due credence to the value of the intangible and inseparable.In this context, the components of people, process and physical evidence have been altered slightly to represent a more appropriate connotation in regards to the higher education industry. Newman and Jahdi (2009) described people as calibre or ch ampions whereby such human qualities in an institution would be pivotal in attracting students. This echoes the view held by McGrath (2003) in which a positive correlativity between the development of education market and high priority on variables such as managerial competence, role-model associations and performance. The component of process has been defined as capability, where issues such as communication between the institution and prospective student, relationship marketing and enrolment procedures should be handled efficiently to gain competitive advantage.Newman and Jahdi (2009) further asserts that considerations as small as publicising opening hours for consulting and enrolment purposes as well as offering refreshments could, once combined, prove to be the added value that would inevitably enhance the end service that is being marketed. The final component, physical evidence was represented by charisma, whereby elements such as geographical location, facilities and amenit ies are taken into account. Factors such as history and heritage of a location and the tradition of graduation ceremonies could provide a moxie of identity that students would take pride in being associated with the institution (Roper and Davies 2007). However, Newman and Jahdi (2009) stated that the implementation of marketing potpourri could potentially lead to adverse consequences as marketing rhetoric may not necessarily invariably reflect educational reality.They go on to state that although there are indications that higher education marketers have started to take the leap into focusing on people, process and physical evidence, these elements need to be expanded to include contemplation and thoughts of higher education from staff and students as this would be able to minimize the mismatch of the marketing rhetoric and the reality of the milieu. Critically, Newman and Jahdi (2009) also argued that knowledge and skills acquired in tertiary educational institutions should not be hands down marketed as mere commodities that are to be sold as predetermined packages to those who have been targeted. Instead, there should be a genuine attempt to convey that education is a challenging industry that would require effort and planning by students, hence projecting the reality.Evans (2004) holds similar views about the need to craft a marketing effort that is as c pretermit to reality as possible, particularly given the context of the current humor whereby effectiveness, quality, competition and evaluation are a matter of public discourse and information are widely available and easily accessed. This is supported by Crosby et al. (1991), in their argument that a false representation in marketing could lead to adverse effects and interdictly impact upon the credibility of an institution. Therefore, although not predominantly derived from a moral stand block, the need to eliminate unsubstantiated benefits and other positive associations with an institution is v ital in terms of marketing implications as failure to appreciate this growing issue may cause an institutions credibility being put to question.Student ambassadors are very much part of UK higher education institutions and they have been known to assist in marketing efforts of their respective universities, predominantly via engagement with prospective students through campus tours. In recent times, student ambassadors have widened their scope of marketing operations and have now broaden their services through handling multiple tasks, which include organizing residential summer schools to help prospective students to gain insights into university lifestyle in hope that this would encourage them to take up higher education courses. Another new area embarked by student ambassadors is their participation in mentoring activities, particularly for the disadvantaged youths (Ylonen 2010).These recent expansion in their activities have been encouraged the former Labour brasss initiative t o expand participation in higher education for groups that are under-represented through its Aimhigher programme. In analyzing the relationship between higher education decision-making amongst the teenage and the role played by student ambassadors in this aspect, Gartland and Pacsuzka (2007) found that student ambassadors who are deemed trustworthy by prospective students could play a key role in widening their participation gap as prospects are more likely to consider them as a preferred choice of contact point when making further enquiries, especially if they do not have a family background in higher education. This is supported by Reay et al. (2005) in their argument that information gathered through relationships and networks are taken more seriously compared to ones obtained from official sources such as prospectuses and the Internet.Therefore, student ambassadors can potentially be seen as mediators and their interventions would greatly influence decisions made by prospects. Taylor (2008) argued that one of the challenges faced in institutions is to connect the territories of academia and school environment and hence, the role of a student ambassador fits in well as although they speak from the standpoint of the institution, there is not much difference in the age bracket between both these groups and this would create a more casual and appropriate comfort zone for prospective students to engage in. This finding is particularly relevant to marketers in determining the age group of candidates to be selected as student ambassadors, given that they consist of not only undergraduates but also mature postgraduate students.In a study of an Aimhigher programme in south-east London, Ylonen (2010) found that most student ambassadors had very vague ideas of what they thought their tasks would be like and many of them stated that their expected roles as perceived during preparedness and their actual roles were very different. Although they generally had sound kno wledge of higher education lifestyle and its environment, many lacked the thorough knowledge of procedures that occur within an institution, such as financial issues.Coordinators, most of whom are marketing officers within their respective universities, have also noted that many potentially good student ambassadors failed to apply because they did not see themselves to fit into the characteristics set by the coordinators (Terion and Leonard 2007). These weaknesses are of relevance to higher education marketing units as contemporary research suggests that despite having a valuable student capacity in the form of student ambassadors, their potentials are being under-utilized due to administrative and training setbacks. The flaws seen in this system is viewed to be largely due to the fact that there isnt a national model of the student ambassador scheme to be used as a guideline and all higher education institutions are expected to craft and implement their strategies independently. Al though it is important to have flexibility and a certain degree of autonomy, a scheme without guidelines can arguably be go astray and lose its soul of direction (Ylonen 2010).Literature in this area of study reveals that in terms of higher education marketing, there should be a focus on service-oriented marketing through an innovation of the extended 4Ps, which would include the elements of calibre, capability and charisma. Apart from that, it also indicates that the growing importance of the role of student ambassadors have gone large unrecognized. Despite them being available in most universities, there is a lack of effective utilization of these roles.2.3 Higher Education Fee StructureThe future of higher education in the UK has been put into uncertainty by the recent changes in tuition fees policy and many are unsealed as to how these changes would impact on demands by students across levels of households. Although the changes have been made effective in England and Wales, th e frugal Government has yet to make an official announcement on this issue. However, a comprehensive review of the changes that have been taking place in the fee-structure and how it has affected the industry as a whole and demand, in particular would enable higher education marketers to prepare for the changes that although unclear, appear to be imminent.The financing of the higher education industry has been a subject of debate for the past five decades and had been given high priority by in series(p) governments, regardless of political inclinations. During this phase, there has been a shift from a fully-funded taxpayer scheme to a cost-sharing system, whereby students are required to cover a certain portion of their tuition fees (Dearden et al. 2010).The change of system sparked a wide trope of concerns, particularly the reservations that it would lead to a lower level of participation (Connor and Dewson 2001). The introduction of the 1998 Teaching and Higher Education Act wa s the first significant change made to the higher education financing structure as it marked the unprecedented introduction of tuition fees at a cap of 1,000 a year for degree courses (Claire and Jonathan 2005).Maintenance grants that were previously offered were reducedin stages and afterwards eliminated only to be replaced with maintenance loans which were established in 1999 (Christie and Munro 2003). The 2004 Higher Education Act paved way for another significantly policy to be put in place in 2006, which saw the implementation of deferred fees which was applicable to all students, regardless of economic background (Harrison 2011). The new fee had a cap of 3,000 and universities had the prerogative to decide the amount to charge each student (Dearden et al, 2004 2005). Fee loans were provided, only to be repaid by students after graduation if theyre earnings were preceding(prenominal) 15,000. Apart from that, the 2004 Higher Education Act also reinstalled maintenance grants wh ich were to be distributed to poor students (Harrison 2011).In the year 2006, the value of this grant was significantly increased. As a result of the introduction of tuition fees along with the re-sentencing of maintenance grants with loans, many argued that it would not only lower participation but also be preferential against students from lower-income households (Dearden et al. 2010). On the contrary, there were also proponents of the new system who claimed that requiring student to contribute to their studies would instil a sense of responsibility in them and hence, at a larger scale, increase efficiency and quality of higher education (Greenaway and Haynes, 2003 Goodman and Kaplan, 2003).Apart from that, the benefits gained by higher education in terms of wages and salary brackets would offset the negative impact caused by the introduction of tuition fees. Another advantage of imposing tuition fees is that only students who are committed on acquiring skills and knowledge would enrol into institutes and not ones who wish to have prolonged laddish times, hence in a way addressing the issue of youth unemployment (Lange 1998).It is also interesting to note that in the UK, government spending on higher education continues to grow despite larger share of financial core group beingon placed students as shown by 2007 figures whereby 918m, 349m and 564m were fagged on maintenance grants, student fee loans and maintenance loans respectively (Dearden et al. 2010). In 2010, another significant policy change was made to the higher education financing structure in England and Wales, whereby the upper tier for tuition fees was increased from 3,000 to 9,000 (BBC 2010). While poorer students would be saved by a large number of scholarship and bursaries, students from middle and high-income households would be the group that is most negatively affected (Directgov 2011).Highly successful students who go on to land high paying jobs would also be affected as they would be required to pay loan amounts that are significantly higher than those with average incomes (The Guardian 2010). In the case of Scotland, the Cubie committee was formed in 1999 following the Scottish devolution to look into the higher education financing. The Cubie Report (2000) proposed that an endowment scheme be put in place and through the Education (Graduate endowment and Student Support) (Scotland) Act 2001, students were required to pay 2,000 when their annual earnings reached 10,000. The repayment was later raised from 2,000 to 2,289 for students commencing their studies in 2006/07 academic period (The Cubie Report 2000). However in 2007, the government tabled the Graduate Endowment Abolition (Scotland) Bill which aimed at scraping the endowment scheme and the move was approved in 2008, hence restoring free education in Scotland (BBC 2008).Based on the United States context, Kent (1994) studied the relationship between the states public spending on higher education and the i mpact of tuition fee costs on higher education participation. The finding was that $1,000 increase in tuition fees would bring about a 3.7ppt reduction in participation among African Americans. On a wider scale, Kent (1995) found that there was a reduction in participation among Americans in higher education, in which a $1,000 increase in fees resulted in a 2.4 decrease in participation. On assessing a policy made in 1982 which led to financial support being removed from students with deceased, disabled or retired father, Dynarksi (1999) found that the impact of aid withdrawal led to decrease tertiary participation by 3.6ppt.Supporting this finding is a study done by Seftor and turner (2002), whom upon analysing the impact of aid withdrawal, found a small impact of reduction in participation by 0.7ppt per $1,000 of aid withdrawn. The UK context of higher education financial constraint on students and its effects on participation can be viewed at two separate phases the 1998 refor ms and the 2006 reforms as described earlier. The 1998 reforms, in terms of grants alone, saw low income students being the most significantly impacted, with participation estimated at 2.3ppt lower than what it would have been without the abolishment grants (Dearden et al. 2010).On the other hand, the increase in loans received by this group resulted in an increase in participation and hence, offset the negative impact brought about by the abolishment of grants. Therefore, there were no significant changes to participation for the lower income group. High income students, however, recorded a reduction of 5.4ppt in participation as even though the abolishment of grants had no impact on them, the increment of tuition fees was a significant impact (Dearden et al. 2010). Study on the 2006 reforms showed that both the lower and higher income groups did not record overall changes in participation (Forsyth and Furlong 2003).Therefore, this section of the literature indicates that despite c oncerns by many that an increment in tuition fees can be judicial towards lower income groups, studies have shown that the negative impact brought by the hike in fees are often outweighed by grants or loan packages. This also brings about serious implications to higher education institutions on deciding the fictitious character of financial assistance and the accurate target groups to ensure that participation does not see an unhealthy dip. Such a consequence could be detrimental to the economy of the country as many research calculate to suggest that the economic well being of a nation state is directly associated with the level investments spent on education (Barro and Sala-i-Martin, 1995 Bassanini and Scarpenta, 2001).