Life in the 13 Original Colonies Essay Example for Free

Life in the 13 Original Colonies EssayIn the 1600s and 1700s, the economies of the northern and southern colonies were affected due to some(prenominal) distinguishable factors. Because of the different climates and geography of their disembark, the northern colonies and southern colonies had different resources available to them, which shaped their societies into what they are today. The resources available to the northern colonies were completely different from the resources that were available to the southern colonies.In the northern colonies, due to the climate and geography of their land, crop growth wasnt as successful as it was in the south. The could weather and rocky land make it hard for them so as time went on, the northern colonies became more of an industrial people and relied more on manufacturing things like naval equipment and rum. A some of the northern colonies participated in what they called a triangular trade system where New England traded rum for slav es from Africa and then these slaves were given to the west indies in exchange for sugar and molasses, which was made into rum again.The northern colonies heavily relied on this system and it was this that brought New England success. In the south, the climate was primary(prenominal)ly warm and perfect for crop growth so the southern colonies became more agricultural. The main reason the south had such great success in the area of crop growth was because they discovered a great cash in crop called tobacco. Due to its addictive nature and great taste, the demand for it was very high. The south purchased tons of slaves because farmers relied on slavery to help the success of their farms and crops. They were different from the northern colonies in this way because the north rarely used slaves.They merely transported them. Education was strongly affected by the geography and climate also, believe it or not. The North was cold and hard to grow crops in so they were more industrial base d. This meant that all of the people necessary to know how to read and write in order to make deals with the other nations. In the northern colonies, there were very few public schools. Therefore, the parents of children usually just hired a tutor until they went discharge to a university. If the family couldnt afford a tutor, then they either sent the child to a public school, or didnt educate them at all. In the south, the climate and geography was perfect for growing crops. Therefore most people lived on large farms called plantations.There was less emphasis on education in the south because most of the people wereslaves or indentured servants. Also, even many of the landowners didnt know how to read or write because not much is needed to know in order to farm and they didnt have to worry about trading overseas. They left that to the north.Ultimately, the geography and climate of the northern and southern colonies was the main factor that shaped the societies into what they are today. For instance, the north had horrible luck in climate for crop growth, which made them more of an industrial group of settlers. The south thrived on crop growth, which made them more of an agricultural group of settlers.

Character Sketch - Cephalus from Plato S Republic Essay Example for Free

Character Sketch Cephalus from Plato S Republic EssayChoose one of the three primary(prenominal) characters from Book One of Platos Republic (Cephalus, Polemarchus or Thrasymachus). Write a character sketch that shows how the personality, social status, life situation and position affect the views the character holds roughly life and about the virtue of justice. Include the definition of justice for the character you are describing.In book one, we are introduced to four main characters Socrates, Cephalus, Polemarchus, and Thrasymachus. Republic takes dimension in the home of Cephalus and Polemarchus, in the Piraeus. Cephalus is a elderly and financially secure merchant and businessman. He lives his life in sobriety, he doesnt over-reach and try to make too wealthinessy, and was also not a fan of excessive spending. He certainly wouldnt approve of the credit card debts that many Americans have. But give thank to his financial security, Cephalus has a comfortable life in o ld age.By living his life in moderation, the transition to an elderly life-style has not been surprise or depressing. Cephalus will admit that these are not his Golden Years, per say its certainly not the greatest period in his life, but thanks to that moderation, he finds the old age to not be as much of a burden as his friends do. His friends are depressed and woeful of their age. They miss the lifestyle that they had in their youth. Because of their age, they can no longer partake in the things they thought made them happy sex, drugs, rock and roll, essentially.Cephalus has a simple idea of justice. Though he never goes to describe it himself, we can pull some context from his discussion with Socrates to fill in the details. Cephalus is an honest man, and as we said, he lives his life in moderation in all aspects. He doesnt strive for unlimited wealth, but still values that wealth he has, and likely behaves ethically and morally for that reason. Cephalus keeps his desires at bay he works hard, and he enjoys himself, but always manages to hold onto most of his money. The problem is, it seems to Socrates to be easier to live a just and moderate life, because of the wealth that Cephalus possesses.Because Cephalus values wealth, he seems to put a heavy emphasis on the repayment of debts (and avoidance of debt in the first place as well) in his grand of justice. He feels that if he can go to his next life not owing anyone a penny, it will lift a burden on his soul, in a metaphysical sense. A peace of mind comes with not lying or engaging in deception which is easier to maintain when wealthy and not set about with problems (like, for example, feeding and clothing your family some people will do anything when they are seemingly backed into a corner). Thanks to wealth, Cephalus is (at least in his own steer of view) able to live a life without lies, without deception, and without debts.

The Work And Impacts Of Gertrude Wilson Social Work Essay

The Work And Impacts Of Gertrude Wilson societal Work EssayWhen pursuing a degree in loving action, a student experiences equal exposure to assembly invent and individual case change by reversal. The curriculum set out by the Council for favorable Work Education (CSWE) requires that a healthy mixture of the two be taught in order to grant a degree in social move around (CSWE, 2010). Every person becomes involves with different conferences during their life, solely within social pass, crowds are a tool for helping bring people together and ex angiotensin-converting enzymerate problems, not only for recreation. One of the people responsible for the foot of group work development in America was Gertrude Wilson.Gertrude Wilson was born in 1895, three eld before the first course on social work was available at Columbia University in 1898. She was raised in a town with less than 200 people in Dana, Illinois (Chambers, 1986). escape Wilson grew up seeing women like Jane Adam s and Frances Perkins having an impact on the social fabric of America through the settlement hall movement. She entered Illinois Womens College in 1915, however ended up receiving a Bachelors degree in Philosophy from the University of Chicago (Chambers).After two years of teaching high school, she became a secretary for the Young Womens Christian Academy (YWCA) in Pennsylvania. Ten years later, she returned to Chicago as the administrator of the new Women in the Workforce branch of the YWCA. send away Wilson has stated that her experience with the YWCA opened her eyes to the ability of groups to influence peoples lives for the better (Greenwood, 1985).It was during her time with the YWCA that she met Grace Coyle, a sociologist, who convinced her to leave the YWCA and take a berth teaching at Western effect University in Cleveland, Ohio in 1935. Wilson attended the University of Chicago part time while teaching in Ohio and received her M.A. from its inculcate of Social Servic e Administration in 1938 (Chambers, 1986). She became a member of the American Association for the Study of Group Work (AASGW) and assisted Coyle with some of the first inquiry done on groups in social work.Shortly after receiving her degree, Wilson moved to the University of Pittsburgh. It was here that she published her first two, and what many believe, most influential books (Weil, Southerland, Chou, 1991). Her first book, Case Work and Group Work was published in 1941.When Wilson began writing, the field of social work was dominated by case work, a more individual establish approach that applied methods of psychoanalytic theory rather than examine environmental factors. Along with Coyle, she was among the first to argue that personal problems were not solely internal, but as soundly found in external sources such as family organization and interaction. She advocated an integrated approach that involved both case work and group work to get by separate issues together rather than individually (Wilson G. , Case work and group work, 1941).Case Work and Group Work was not written with the intent to gather group work seem more of the essence(p) than case work. In the first few pages of Case Work and Group Work, Wilson decried the short-visioned little cults of method and hunt that claim their superiority at the expense of healthy clients (Wilson, 1941). Hers was an argument to consolidate the two approaches rather than create separate disciplines. Group social work costed, but still lacked any single academic foundation for study. She presented the book before the AASGW, the Psychiatric Social Workers Association (PSWA), and multiple schools of social work around the country.At the National Conference on Social Work in 1942, Gertrude Wilson further expanded on what she began discussing in Case Work and Group Work. Wilson believed that group work could bring about(predicate) changes in the values of individuals and society as a whole. She argued that a worker could dynamically influence the environment of the group for the better by directing certain processes towards specific social goals (Wilson G. , 1942). At this conference she defined three different ways in which the worker might influence the group bydirecting the process toward the accomplishment of a social goal conceived in a democratic philosophy. They are 1) developmental, as it provided for normal social maturation 2) protective or corrective, in that it could be offered to people without groups and 3) instrumental in achieving of socially desirable ends. (Wilson)Her view put forth the idea that the good of the one and the good of the many were dependent on each other and social workers had a social responsibility to address both in order to fortify society (Weil, K., Southerland, 1991)After several years at Pittsburgh University, Miss Wilson and her colleague Gladys Ryland published Social Group Work entrust. Group work had lacked this academic foundation for so many years. It offered a systematic method of applying group work for social work practice. As the first book to actually offer a process for applying group work, it became the first textbook for group work and was used in schools of social work across the join States. It was called the Green Bible repayable to the color of its c everyplace and size (Weil, Southerland, Chou, 1991). Many still consider it the most influential book on group work in social work history (Chambers, 1986).The 700-page book can be divided into two sections practice methods and case studies. The first half of the book described group work methods and theories about groups. For the first time, a social group work method was described. This was based on Wilson and Rylands experience with groups and Grace Coyles research. Miss Wilson expressed the key goal of group workers as such The workers aim is to help the members of groups develop the capacity to carry on their own group life and achieve goals (Wilso n, 1949). This goal is still considered important and appears in the National Association of Social Workers (NASW) Code of Ethics to this day NASW, 2009).The second half of the book contained analyses of different groups, their specific activities and how the social group work method applies to them. Miss Wilsons research over the years is seen here in the detailed case studies included in this section. The case studies cover groups from preschool to retirement, reflecting the extent that Miss Wilson went to in researching the book. Significantly, much of the case study material was drawn from work in recreational and informal educational agencies because group social work was not practiced often in a clinical setting at that time (Weil, Southerland, Chou, 1991).The case studies included in Wilsons book may be dated, but the concepts of group work that they represent have withstood the test of time. The last half-century has seen a great deal of social change and numerous group wor k textbooks since Social Group Work Practice, but Wilsons original ideas about group work have re main(prenominal)ed largely unchanged and few modern texts can refer to group work without referencing the work of Gertrude Wilson, especially this book.One of the most tempestuous times in Gertrude Wilsons life was during the time that she and Gladys Ryland were putting Social Group Work Practice together at the University of Pittsburgh. During the late 1940s, anti-communist politicians began attacking the field of social work because of its progressive views and support of New Deal policies to assist the needy (Andrews Reisch, 1997). One of the main targets was Marion Hathaway, the director of the School of Social Work at the University of Pittsburgh (Reisch Andrews, 2001). Wilson was among the several educators and students that supported Hathaway and her support (along with many other faculty members) caused friction between the School of Social Work in Pittsburgh and the universit y chancellor (Wilson, 1978). Wilson was one of the many professors who resigned from the college in 1950 under pressure (Wilson). Ryland was terminated after refusing to resign a few months after Wilson left field (Andrews Reisch).Wilson did not let this controversy stop her career. She joined the School of Social Welfare at Berkeley in 1951. It was here that she developed a professional education program focused on training new social workers. Originally known as the Certificate Program in the Social Services, it contained specific courses over a two-year period that ended with a two-week seminar on campus (Greenwood, 1985). The Council on Social Work education (CSWE) in 1952 adopted this program as the personate for national accreditation (Weil, Southerland, Chou, 1991).At Berkeley, Wilson taught courses in both theory and practice in group work. She was a frequent speaker at seminars and conventions all over the United States and she guest-lectured at the Columbia, Smith, and Tulane Schools of Social Work. Even after retirement, she served as a consultant to social agencies, schools of social work and professional associations. Wilson used her own experience to eer refine what she considered a dynamic aspect of social work (From practice to theory a personalized history, 1976). Wilson wrote dozens of conference papers, journal articles, chapters in books, and monographs although she provide most likely always be remembered for Social Group Work Practice with Gladys Ryland in 1949.She was one of eight social work pioneers chosen for the NASW oral examination History Project in 1978. Each participant took part in a 1-2 hour interview that was recorded and placed in the Library of Congress. Berkley performed a similar interview on videotape in 1982. Both recordings are very difficult to obtain. Although she officially retired from Berkeley in 1963, the college was very gracious following her stopping point from cancer in 1985 (Greenwood, 1985).Gertrude Wilson was an amazing woman who pushed social barriers as an educator and activist. She was one of very few women with a full professorship in the 1930s. Her work in the first half of the 20th century still influences social work today in the 21st. She had a passion for helping people that boost her to study a field of practice that was barely recognized until the 1940s. Not only did she pursue that field, she made it possible for others to do so as well by writing the first textbook on the practice of group work. Her certificate program at Berkley was the foundation for modern undergraduate social work curriculum in universities across the nation.These are all accomplishments she made in her field that show her impression on the practice, theory and future practitioners of social work. Personally, I am inspired by her resolve to follow her passion even though there wasnt a road to follow she dug it out herself so that she could reach her destination and so that others could follow her. It is this attitude that inspires me in my pursuit to implement school social work in Oklahoma. It will never exist in Oklahoma if people do not fight for it and have a practical way to practice it once it does.

What Is Ethics And Its Types

What Is ethical motive And Its TypesEthics be principles of professionals manoeuvre. Ethics is broader than what is stated by law, customs and overt opinion. For exercising, accepting gifts from father in law might be soci entirelyy acceptable but non ethically.Ethical behaviour may differ from ball club to society for example birth control is mandatory in communist societies but not in catholic Christian society.Ethical standards are ideals of gay conduct. Defining ethical standards is not an easy task.Ethics is the study of standards of conduct and moral judgment moral philosophy, a treatise on this study. in that respectfore we say that ethical motive is the system or code of morals of a particular person, religion, group, profession, etc.Ethics, according to VSP RAO (2004) is defined Ethics as a body of principles or standards of gentleman conduct that govern the behaviours of individuals and groups. Ethics arise not simply from mans creation but from human nature itsel f making it a internal body of laws from which mans lawsEthics has been applicable to economics, politics and political science, wind to several different and unrelated fields of applied ethical motive, including Business morals and Marxism. Ethics has been applied to family structure, sexuality, and how society views the roles of individuals leading to several distinct and unrelated fields of applied ethics, including feminism. Ethics has been applied to war, leading to the fields of pacifism and nonviolenceBUSINESS ETHICSBusiness ethics piece of tail be defined as blueprints of principles and values that governing decisions and actions within a comp either. In the business world, the nerves culture sets standards for as au thuslyticing the difference between good and hand most decision making and behaviour.A definition for business ethics boils down to knowing the difference between right and wrong and choosing to do what is right. The phrase business ethics can be used to describe the actions of individuals within an organization, as well as the organization as a whole.WHAT IS ENGENEERING ETHICS?Engineering ethics course is not about preaching virtue rather, its objective is to increase your ability as engineers to responsibly confront moral issues raised by technological activity.CODE OF ETHICS FOR ENGINEERSEngineers Uphold and advance the integrity, honour and dignity of the engineering profession byI. Analysing their knowledge and skill for the enhancement of human welfareII. universe hvirtuosost and impartial, and serving with fidelity the public, their employers and clientsIII. Making efforts to increase the competence and prestige of the Engineering professionFUNDAMENTAL CONNONS FOR ENGINEERING ETHICS1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and Welfare of the public in the performance of their Professional duties.2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence.3. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an Objective and honorable manner.4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each Employer or client as faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest.5. Engineers shall build their professional reputation on the virtue of their services and shall not compete unfairly with others.6. Engineers shall act in such a manner as to uphold and enhance the honour, integrity and dignity of the profession.7. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional development of those engineers under their supervision.WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL ETHICSenvironmental ethics determines definitive ethics to a gaolbreak point Environmental ethics involves high risk. Environmental ethics requires risk. Environmental ethics help in ascertaining poorly charted terrain, where it is easy to get lost. One moldiness hazard the kind of insight that first looks like foolishness. Some people see env ironmental ethics with a positive frame of mindexpecting rights for rocks and chicken liberation, place concern for chipmunks and daisies. Elsewhere, you think, ethicists deal with sober concerns medical ethics, business ethics, and justice in public affairs, questions of life and death, peace and war.Environment ethics aims at appropriate wish for life. But we do not just need a humanist ethic applied to the environment, analogously to the ways we take for needed one for business, law, medicine, technology, international, or thermonuclear disarmament. Respect for life demands an ethic concerned about human welfare, like the others and now concerning the environment. But environmental ethics in a broader intellect stands on a frontier, as radically theoretical as it is applied..1.2 IMPORTANCE OF ETHICS IN ORGANIZATIONEthical consideration in business is alpha to managers as individuals personals life and business life cannot be neatly separated with respect to moral judgements . A lot of factors contributed for ethical consideration becoming a primary concern for todays organizations. Some factors are discussed below1 If organization does not behave in accordance with the social system expectation, it might not merely lose its market share or face another piece of legislated control but might lose its very right to exist.2 Even if the manager insist on a narrow definition of his role as merely a producer of goods, it is essential that he orchestrate these intangibles into consideration since they are the real motivating force in an organization.3 The public is insisting that business leaders are, in fact responsible for the everyday social welfare that the managers responsibility go far beyond those of running the business.4 Ethics coquette a crucial role in organization as without ethics organization may go hay why from its ultimate goal and as a result the real sense for public remain undercover .5 Ethics are the backbone of the organization. In abs ence of this backbone the organization would not be able to sustain sanguine relations between employee and employee, employee and employer, employer and managers etc.1.3 BREIF SUMMARY OF ASSIGNMENTThe assignment on ethics clearly states what are the moral values, beliefs, thinking etc. which are socially acceptable. This assignment helps to give a clear picture about what is accepted and what is not accepted, what is ethical and what is unethical, what is good and what is bad etc. It also help in understanding that ethics do differ from people to people more thanover from society to society(birth control is mandatory in communist societies but not in catholic Christian society) This assignment describe the definition of ethics, its important both in society and in organization. Thus we say that this assignment help one to understand the insight of the prevailing conditions stating what is accepted and what is not.WHAT IS ETHICAL DILEMMAS?Ethical dilemma is also known as moral di lemmas. An ethical dilemma is a land site or problem in which each available and possible course of action breaches some otherwise binding moral principles to decide what is ethical and what is unethical.Thus we say that moral dilemmas refer to a situation which involves conflict between moral requirements. These situations have very apparent conflict between moral adjuratoryIS NUCLEAR ENERGY SAFE?Yes nuclear animation is safe because we know nuclear push button is useful, clean and effective because, at present, 137 nuclear reactors are generating more than one-third of Western Europes electricity and 440 in all are supplying one-seventh of the worlds electricityEarlier some people misunderstood the by-product of nuclear push button i.e. Radiation as deadly. But radiation is part of our congenital environment and we can survive with it. All of us are exposed to natural radioactivity every minute, mainly from rocks and soil. The radiation bombarding us increases up to 10% whe n we sleep next to another human. nuclear power is a gift from nature. It can be harnessed cleanly and safely.NUCLEAR ENERGY ENVIRONMENTFRIENDLYThe nuclear cipher is environment friendly as it is safe and it could be explain via example.1 The Exelon quite a little runs 17 nuclear power plants all over the country and shows how these plants help reduce climate change.2 The Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) is a non-profit group, which works to reduce climate change through methods of nuclear energy production.These are one of those groups working to create new technologies that give make nuclear power a safer and more environmental friendly source of energy because they believe it is a necessary source for controlling climate changes.Perhaps Nuclear energy has the lowest impact on the environment including flora, fauna, air, land, and water. It produces no harmful greenhouse gases, isolates its waste from the environment, and requires less area to produce the same amount of electricity as compare to other sources.NUCLEAR ENERGY COST EFFECTIVENESSThe nuclear energy is not at all cost effective because the biggest monetary crunch with nuclear power is the time period it takes to build the reactor. Large and heavy construction together with the various public notices and enquiries and legal procedure makes it an valuable go. Moreover Construction alone go forth take 5-6 years. During this time interest must be paid to the creditor without any return since no electricity will be produced till construction work is complete.NUCLER ENERGY USEFUL TO UKS SOCIETY AND PUBLICNuclear energy is useful UKs society and public due to certain reasons which are discussed below1 POWERING OUR ECONOMY Through nuclear energy the United Kingdom generates a fifth of the countrys electricity (19.26% in 2004). The Nuclear Installations Inspectorate oversees all nuclear power installations and, as of 2006, the United Kingdom operates 24 nuclear reactors. The country also use s nuclear reprocessing plants, such as Sell afield2 DEVELOPMENT Nuclear energy in playing an important role in development as in year 2007, there have been some significant developments towards nuclear fusion being implemented to solve the predicted energy crisis, most significantly and recently the drawing-up of plans to build one fusion power station, that will supply power to the National Grid within.3 REDUCTION IN POLLUTION The major cause of pollution is the burning of fossil fuels. Nuclear energy plants produce electricity through the fission of uranium, not the burning of fuels. Consequently, nuclear power plants do not pollute the air with nitrogen oxides, sulphur oxides, circularise or greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide etc.MAP SHOWING NEW NOMINATED NUCLEAR SITES IN ENGLANDHOW TO SOLVE ETHICAL DELIMMASThere are certain things that make ethical dilemmas particularly difficult to solve is that they often involve conflicts between cardinal or more deeply held beliefs. Cons ider the example given belowA friend of yours just had a baby. Hes the most homely baby youve ever seen. While holding her new baby male child in her arms, your friend asks, Isnt he the best looking baby youve ever seen? Now you value honesty. But you also believe you shouldnt needlessly hurt someones feelings. You have an ethical dilemmaAccording to my analysis and conception ethical dilemmas could be sought out in three ways1 KNOW YOUR set There are certain values about which society agrees. For example, we tend to value honesty. Our discussion here isnt designed to change your values instead, its about applying them. earlier you can apply them, you have to know what they are.2 SELECT A MODEL According to the analysis, Moral Issues in Business, ethical theories can be split into two classifications consequential theories (the formal term for these is teleological theories) and non-consequential theories (formal name is deontological theories). As a result a proper model is mu st.3 USE A PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS Now you know your values and you have a model with which to apply them. The remaining piece is to follow an orderly process to solve the problem, because not all ethical dilemmas are as simple as your friend and her baby that we discussed in the previous example.ETHICAL RESONING Ethical abstract thought is a type of reasoning directed towards deciding what to do and, when successful. And it comes into play when various individuals enter into relationships with mutual obligations. Ethical reasoning involves weighing of values held by the individuals to result in some course of action or outcome. In short it is a deciding factor determining what is ethical and unethical.3.1 MORAL setMoral values is a combination of moral (i.e. what is ethical) and values (i.e. social principles) MORAL+VALUES. Moral values are essentially what society views as acceptable, or fundamentally right. Moral values often originate from religious views and understanding. Mo rals can be things that arent necessarily dictated by laws, example, its may not be illegal to have an affair, but is it morally right? Moral views can also be reflected in the laws passed, such as the proposition at concerning the holiness of marriage. You could view the moral value of the public as shifting, seeing how a proposition like that is even necessary.3.2 ALLERNATIVE TO NUCLEAR ENERGYAt present there are large numbers of alternatives which are available for nuclear energy. But the alternative I am giving is based on my conception and conjecture which is discussed belowJust select a particular land suitable for cultivation only by natural means in order to maintain the fertility so that the soil is unaffected. Plant more trees. Within the duration for the growth of the trees construct some turbines and equipments just nearer to the cultivated lands. Cut half(a) of the plants and burn it so that the steam is used to drive turbines from which we can produce electricity. T he merit is that the Carbon di-oxide liberated will be consumed by the trees itself. So it is eco-friendly and non-polluting. As bio manures are used the fertility of the soil is maintained. Itll be an efficient method. May it is modest now but definitely when compared to hazardous wastes in nuclear energy its better.3.3 ANALYSIS ON NUCLEAR ENERGYUnlike every coin has two aspects A NEGATIVE AND A POSITIVE similar is the case with nuclear energy it has positives as well as negatives.4. My recommendation to the UK government would be to attain a perfect balance between use of nuclear energy and use of other alternative (renewable) sources like solar, dams, wind power etc. Because To generate nuclear energy uranium fuel is used, use an isotope of uranium which is then subjected to nuclear fission.And it leads to radiation as a result it leads to saviour diseases like cancer etc. So the UK government should be cautious regarding nuclear energy and should operate within the limits aiming at a perfect balance with other alternatives.4.1 HUMAN CENTERED ETHICSIt is also known as anthropocentrism The anthropocentric belief is that human beings are the sole bearers of intrinsic value or possess greater intrinsic value than non-human nature. It is therefore acceptable to employ the resources of the natural world for only human ends. Anthropocentric ethics is adequate to the task of grounding care for the natural environment. The human involvement in ethics play a very crucial role thus we say that anthropocentrism focus on human ethics.4.2 SCIENTIFIC CENTERED ETHICSThe term scientific ethics may refer to the ethics of doing science. Scientific ethics is a branch of applied ethics. Scientific ethics is a subset of professional ethics, the special rules of conduct adhered to by people engaged in those pursuits called professions. It is distinct from, but consistent with, both ordinary morality and moral theory. The codes of professional ethics derive from the two bargains that define a profession the internal code of practice and the external bargain between the profession and society.4.3 BIOCENTRIC ETHICSBio centric ethics refer to any theory that views all life as possessing intrinsic value is known as bio centric ethics. Bio centric ethics represents a significant departure from classical and traditional ethical thinking. I.e. it focuses on attitude and character rather than moral values.4.4 ECOCENTRIC ETHICSThe term eco centric ethics was propounded by Aldo Leopolds according to him Any ethics that places an emphasis on ecological wholes and moves away from individual plants and animals value is placed on these ecological systems as wholes. Thus we say that ecocentric ethics are the holistic ethics rather than the individualistic ethics. Ecocentric ethics appeals to ecology in one way or another for help in explaining and defending its conclusions.REFERNCESDR SS KHANKA, S CHAND, AHMED NAZIMUDDIN AND SS JHA, AHMED SALMAN, capital of Texas NANCY, A ckerman, GOOGLE, B.A. and R.B. Stewart (1988) Reforming Environmental Law The Democratic Case for Market Incentives, Colombia Journal of Environmental Law, 13 171-199.Baron, J. (2006) Against Bioethics, Cambridge MA MIT Press.Bekesy, S.A., B.A. Winkle, M. Colvin, B. Langford, D.B. Lindenmayer, and H.P.Possingham (forthcoming) The Biodiversity Bank Cannot is a LendingBank, Ecological Economics.Burgman, M.A. (2005) Risks and Decisions for Conservation and EnvironmentalManagement, Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Capoor, K. and P. Ambrosi.(2007) State and Trends of the Carbon Market 2007. RetrievedDecember, 2007, from http//carbonfinance.org/docs/Carbon_Trends_2007-_FINAL_-_May_2.pdf.Colyvan, M. (2007) Environmental Philosophy Beyond Environmental Ethics, Arts,Vol. 29 95-104.Colyvan, M., D. Cox, and K. Steele, (forthcoming a) Modelling the MoralDimension of Decisions, Nos.Colyvan, M., J. Justus, and H.M. Regan, (to appear) The Natural Environment isworthful but Not Infinitely Valua ble.Colyvan, M., S. Linquist, W. Grey, P.E. Griffiths, J. Odenbaugh, and H.P.Possingham, (forthcoming b) Philosophical Issues in Ecology Recent Trendsand Future Directions, Ecology and Society.

Meditation In Zen Buddhism Philosophy Essay

Meditation In Zen Buddhism Philosophy EssayMeditation is the foundation of Zen Buddhism. Zen liter onlyy means to meditate. Meditation, in Zen, is the trend and the goal. The goal is to meditate. Like all religions, Zen Buddhism has split into sections. Zen has ii directs of thought, the gradual and the sudden set out to enlightenment. In the gradual school, there is only peerless way to practice Zen meditation, which is put meditation, called zazen. Zazen can be performed in several different ways, and the agencys have no spiritual significance. The positions be in the main to create comfort, stability, and ability to breathe through the diaphragm properly. The sudden school believes enlightenment could potentially fleet instantly. They use koans, mondos, and twist phrases to help the practiti matchlessr stumble more insight, and hopefully be enlightened. Koans, mondos, and turning phrases ar irrational dialogues or narratives that practiti unmatchablers contemplate u pon. The main topics to geological period out when discussing meditation in Zen Buddhism are the goals of their meditation, the gradual school of thought, and the sudden school of thought.In Zen, the path of meditation is the goal. It is similar to riding your bicycle just to ride your bicycle. Through mediation, Zen Buddhists do not attempt to do anything, but to be in the moment. The Vietnamese Zen teacher, Thich Nhat Hanh, says, We practice so that each moment of our life becomes real life. on that point is no goal in Zen, but to focus on ones being, moment by moment. While practicing meditation, one may also find other benefits, care better health and a more relaxed state of my mind.Unlike some(prenominal) sects of Buddhism, as well as many other religions, Zen Buddhists do not have scriptures to which they should study, but they may do so if they choose. Zen Buddhists focus primarily on one simple act, which is meditation. They believe that achievement of the Buddhahood com es from silence.Zen has two popular sections, gradual and sudden. They two are means to enlightenment, but have two different points of view. In the gradual school of Zen, there is only one technique of meditation, which is called zazen. Zazen literally means sitting meditation. Zazens motto is To be a Buddha is to sit like a Buddha. That is, while sitting, sit completely. Be aware of the still of e genuinelything while enjoying not having to do anything but be in the moment.Although there are no doctrines or disciplines in Zen, there are many book of instructions for meditation metiers. In Zen culture, there was less of a difference between body, breath, and mind than in the west. Zen practitioners believe if one aligns their spine correctly, faithful their legs properly, sit properly, and keep still they can achieve stillness of the mind. Much of the stillness of the mind in Zen is believed to be achieved through the correct posture of the body. Many of the Zen postures come from ancient Indian yogic positions developed to increase alignment and awareness. Although they come from yogic postures, they have no divine message them they are only intended to increase comfort, stability, and the ability to breathe well. In Zen, it is believed that awakening must penetrate every cell of the body, so they must utilize the body as well as the mind when meditating.Zazen is typically done in one way with several variations. The most effective way of seated meditation is done is with ones legs crossed and spine aligned straight up and curved, giving a pyramid shape to ones posture. It is usually done on the floor, with a soft mat and pillow to sit on to raise the body a little so that ones knees can touch the ground. With ones knees touching the ground, it creates three points of radio link with the ground to give the practitioner a sturdy base.The easiest form of zazen is the Burmese position. In the Burmese position, one has their legs crossed, and their feet flat on the floor. In this position it is very easy to keep ones back straight because putting ones feet on the floor forces the practitioner to keep his back curved, which is an essential part of zazen.Two other positions are the half lotus and the full lotus. Both positions are very similar, but the half lotus requires less flexibility, and is easier for most people. To perform the half lotus, one posterior placed over the opposite thigh, and the other foot is placed under the opposite leg. The full lotus position is when both legs are put on both thighs. This position is more recommended because it gives the practitioner much more balance.There are also two other zazen positions which are commonly used. The first position is the sieza position. The sieza position is kneeling, with your buttocks on both feet. You can sit on either a pillow, or your bare legs. You can also use a sieza bench to kneel on. The second position is the chair position. The bench keeps ones back straight, and takes the weight off of ones feet. The other position is to simply sit on a chair with ones feet on the floor, arching the back.It is important to keep ones back straight while meditating so that one can breathe with the diaphragm properly. A wide sitting posture as well as good hand position allows the body to give uninhibited deep breaths. While doing Zen meditation, one should use the Dhyani mudra hand position. The Dhyani mudra is a way to position ones manpower so that they can take deep breaths from their diaphragm. To do so, the practitioner give place both hands on top of one another, with their palms facing up. Their knuckles should be on top of one another as well, with their thumbs touching gently together. animate through the diaphragm creates deep, slow breaths, which is quite useful when practicing zazen. Breathing is not only useful while meditating, but it is useful in all faces of our health. Andrew Weil M.D., an creator and physician said, Improper breath ing is a common cause of ill health. If I had to limit my advice on healthier living to just one tip, it would be simply to learn how to breathe correctly. Theres no single more powerful or simpler daily practice to further your health and well-being than breath-work. Andrew Weil, M.D.The sudden school of Zen, which believes in sudden enlightenment, has koans as a focal point of meditation. In The Complete Idiots Guide to Buddhism, Gary Gach says that koans are seemingly illogical riddles, like Two hands come together in a clap. What is the sound of one hand? A koan is not a riddle. It doesnt call for a solution (its not a math puzzle with an equation waiting in an answer book) rather, it is a personal breakthrough with a flash of enlightenment. In other words, it is a statement or conversation that cannot be understood by rational thinking it can only be understood by intuition.Zen Buddhists believe that scriptures will lead scholars to misinterpretations of the original meaning s, which is why Zen masters made Koans. Koans go beyond words. They attempt to go beyond the boundaries of intellect and language, and find awakening or enlightenment. Zen master Hakuin, author of the koan, What is the sound of one hand? has said, Whats true meditation? Its to make it all coughing, swallowing, gestures, motion, stillness, words, action, good and evil, success and shame, win and lose, right and hurt into one single koan. Although Zen Buddhists are not against words, they try to limit the amount of description to leave the interpreting to the practitioner who is attempting to gain insight.The primary ascendent of using koans in Zen Buddhism originated from Hui Neng, a poor man who gathered and sold firewood for a living. He achieved enlightenment suddenly while he overheard a man reciting the Diamond Sutra, a scripture on emptiness and wisdom which requires great insight to understand. When he overheard the man say, Awaken your mind without fixing it anywhere, he was enlightened on the spot.Koans are meant to be contemplated until they are realized. While one meditates is the optimal time to think about them, but they can also be taken home to contemplate.According to The Complete Idiots Guide to Buddhism, there are about 400 indexed koans and about 1700 in all. There are so many koans because they deal with particular parts of the Way of enlightenment. Many of the koans, such as Hakuins koan, What is the sound of one hand? are designed to take the practitioner historical the normal self into Buddha mind.There are also koan related Zen dialogues called mondos. Mondos are question-and-answer banter between people. They are similar to koans because they have the same non-sense questions and statements. An pattern of a mondo is in the Milindapanha, which reads, King Milinda said to learned monk Nagasena, Im going to ask you a question. Can you answer it?Nagasena replied, Please, ask your question.The King Ive already asked.Nagasena Ive alread y answered.The King What did you answer?Nagasena What did you ask?The King I asked nothing.Nagasena I answered nothingAlso similar to koans and mondos, the sudden school of Zen also used turning phrases to help promote enlightenment and understanding. Examples of a turning phrases are, Not one, not two, Chop wood carry water, and Form is emptiness emptiness is form. These are all mottos that are used to help the practitioner gain more insight, and hopefully find sudden enlightenment.Being the foundation of Zen Buddhism, meditation is the main aspect of the religion. Zen essentially is meditation. In Zen, the path is the goal. It is like riding your bicycle simply to ride your bicycle. Zen Buddhism has split into two schools of thought, the gradual and the sudden approach to enlightenment. In the gradual school, there is only one way to practice Zen meditation, which is seated meditation, called zazen. Zazen can be performed in several different ways, but the positions have no signif icance other than comfort and stability. Breathing is an important part of meditation as well. The sudden school believes enlightenment could potentially occur instantly. They use koans, mondos, and turning phrases to help the practitioner gain more insight, and hopefully be enlightened. Koans, mondos, and turning phrases are irrational dialogues or statements that practitioners contemplate upon. The main topics to point out when discussing meditation in Zen Buddhism are the goals of their meditation, the gradual school of thought, and the sudden school of thought.Gach, Gary. The Complete Idiots Guide to Buddhism. 3rd. New York City, New York Alpha Books, 2009. 183-200. Print.Saint-Hilaire, J.Barthelemy. The Buddha and His Religion. maiden edition. London New York E.P. Dutton and Company, 1914. 267-87. Print.Zazen. DharmaRain.org. Dharma Rain Zen Center, 2003. Web. 20 family 2010. .Zazen Posture. DharmaRain.org. Dharma Rain Zen Center, 2003. Web. 20 Sep 2010. .Zazen breathing techn iques. DharmaRain.org. Dharma Rain Zen Center, 2003. Web. 20 Sep 2010. .Zen Meditation Instructions. mro.org. Mountains and Rivers Order, 2010. Web. 20 Sep 2010. .Phelan, Josho Pat. Zazen Posture. intrex.net. Josho Pat Phelan, 1997. Web. 20 Sep 2010. .About Zen Meditation. Zazen.rutgers.edu. N.P., 04/21/2010. Web. 20 Sep 2010. .Phillips, Fred. A Primer on Zazen. omcl.ogi.edu. Fred Phillips, 1998. Web. 20 Sep 2010. .Breathing and Medicine. oxygengenesis.org. Oxygen Genesis Institute, 2003. Web. 20 Sep 2010. .

Home sweet home Essay -- essays research papers

Home Sweet HomeThere are hundreds of people, young and old that live in my flat tire complex and each of them have a different and unique story to share. My story is that I come from the typical middle-of -nowhere suburbia, where the grass is always green, and all of the houses whole step the same. In that lodge it is easy to become too comfortable, and forget that things arent so perfect in the rest of the world. When my step-dad past away, we sold the house and locomote into town changing the way I lived my life. The city feels like a different community and it seems to have a different atmosphere than the one where I came from. While writing this paper, it is my objective to become comfortable with my surroundings, and accept this community as mine.The typical stereotype for apartment complexes is the children are constantly running just about causing trouble and the walls are so paper thin that everyone knows every aspect your life. Here at Village at Van Mall, that couldnt be any further from the truth. The children are confined to one area and the only time you hear from your neighbors is if you happen to run into them on your way out. The quiet community is tucked away in a hollowed out forest just off of Van Mall Drive. The towering evergreen trees provide a engaging shade and from time to time a()rejuvenating breeze sweeps through the complex. The individual apartments are stacked two high and two across...

Sprawl and Small Businesses Essay -- Stores Retail Essays

Sprawl and Small Businesses During the past 15 years, I have seen my once-rural home townsfolkship of Washington Township transform into a maze of single-family housing developments and strip malls. This fiber of growth has not been gentle on the local economy, especially small businesses. Stores such as the mom and pop hardwargon store, a local anchor for many decades, have been forced out of business by the construction of two hearthstone memorys and a Lowes within a two-mile radius of the towns main street. This negative aspect of sprawl has been a trend that has repeated itself nationwide in recent years. Mega chain stores, or big boxes, are a phenomenon that has spread all over the country, and has exploded in popularity in recent years. Contri neverthelessing to this phenomenon are monster chain stores, such as Home Depot, Wal-Mart, Lowes, Target, Kmart and Best Buy. The success of these stores has depended upon the saturation of the retail ma rket in areas where they are built. For instance, Wal-Marts strategy of store placement is such that in urban areas, stores are placed within a 10-mile radius of each other and a 30-mile radius is created in rural areas. (sprawl-busters.com/hometown.html) The density of store placement can vary, depending on the presence of competitors in the area. By saturating the market, these stores are undercutting their competition and making it virtually impossible for their smaller competitors to survive, or even start up in a free-market economy. In addition to their planning strategy of market dominance, big box stores have other attributes that are difficult to compete with. These attributes are attractive to the consumer, but come at a detrimental price.... ..., these corner stones are becoming a dying breed. Although progress cannot be stopped, we must hope that ideas like town centers can catch on, and save our small businesses. References1. http//www.sharbell. com/washington/washmain.htm Sharbell is the developer that is building the Washington town center.2. http//www.sprawl-busters.com/hometown.html Home town America fights back. A citizens view of Home Depot The Orange Wars.3. www.reason.com/9505/NICKwalmart.may.shtml Do Wal-Mart and Home Depot spell the end of Community?4. www.nlcnet.org National Labor Committee Website.5. www.tradelocal.org/arts/wrongwal.html Whats wrong with Wal-Mart? 19996. www.lawmall.com/rpa/chap1.html Surviving the intrusion of the Mega Stores The Impact of Mega-Retail Discount Chains on Urban, Suburban and Rural Economies